日本人是中国人的后裔吗?（一）
Are the Japanese descended from Chinese?（一）
译文简介
有相当强的证据表明，日本人和韩国人的原始文化和大部分祖先起源于几千年前的内蒙古附近。这是一个与当时已经存在于更南方的原始中国文化相分离且独特的文化。
正文翻译
Rebecca Barnes
The evidence seems fairly strong that the proto-culture and the majority of the ancestors of Japanese and Korean people originated together near Inner Mongolia, thousands of years ago. This was a separate and distinct culture from the proto-Chinese culture which at the time had already been in existence further south. Of course, there have been both cultural and genetic interactions between Chinese and Korean/Japanese and the later split groups of Koreanic and Japonic people for thousands of years, so these have never been completely separate, isolated populations. But the idea that Japanese and Koreans were “once Chinese” doesn’t really seem to comport with the evidence. Obviously at some time even earlier, however, all three groups likely branched off from a common migration from the west, long ago in prehistory.
有相当强的证据表明，日本人和韩国人的原始文化和大部分祖先起源于几千年前的内蒙古附近。这是一个与当时已经存在于更南方的原始中国文化相分离且独特的文化。当然，中国人与韩国人/日本人之间存在着文化和基因的互动，以及朝鲜语系和日本语系人群的历史交织，因此它们从未完全分离、孤立的群体。但是，认为日本人和韩国人"曾经是中国人"的观点似乎与证据不符。显然，在更早的时候，这三个群体很可能都源自一个共同的来自西方的迁徙，远在史前时期。
The evidence seems fairly strong that the proto-culture and the majority of the ancestors of Japanese and Korean people originated together near Inner Mongolia, thousands of years ago. This was a separate and distinct culture from the proto-Chinese culture which at the time had already been in existence further south. Of course, there have been both cultural and genetic interactions between Chinese and Korean/Japanese and the later split groups of Koreanic and Japonic people for thousands of years, so these have never been completely separate, isolated populations. But the idea that Japanese and Koreans were “once Chinese” doesn’t really seem to comport with the evidence. Obviously at some time even earlier, however, all three groups likely branched off from a common migration from the west, long ago in prehistory.
有相当强的证据表明，日本人和韩国人的原始文化和大部分祖先起源于几千年前的内蒙古附近。这是一个与当时已经存在于更南方的原始中国文化相分离且独特的文化。当然，中国人与韩国人/日本人之间存在着文化和基因的互动，以及朝鲜语系和日本语系人群的历史交织，因此它们从未完全分离、孤立的群体。但是，认为日本人和韩国人"曾经是中国人"的观点似乎与证据不符。显然，在更早的时候，这三个群体很可能都源自一个共同的来自西方的迁徙，远在史前时期。
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Current genetic research has concluded that
The majority of Japanese people come from the Yayoi people, who migrated to the Japanese archipelago from Asia (during Korea or China) during the Yayoi period (1000 BC - 300 CE) and the Ancient Burial Period (250-538 CE). They are considered to be the direct ancestors of the modern Yamato people, the majority of the Japanese and the Ryukyu people. It is estimated that modern Japanese and Yayoi make up on average about 90% of their genome.
当前的遗传研究得出的结论是，大多数日本人来自弥生人，他们在弥生时期（公元前1000年至公元300年）和古坟时代（公元250年至538年）从亚洲（经由朝鲜或中国）迁徙到日本列岛。他们被认为是现代大和人、大部分日本人和琉球人的直接祖先。据估计，现代日本人和弥生人的基因组平均占比约为90%。
弥生人源自中国东北的朝鲜族和满族人，在2008年由Chao Tian等人进行的东亚人类基因组全序列多态性研究中得出。该报告指出，日本人在基因上与其他东亚人，如朝鲜人和汉族人有明显区别，并与朝鲜人有关联，而后者与汉族人更为密切相关。然而，与朝鲜人相比，日本人在基因上与汉族人更为疏远。
Studies have shown that the haplogroups O1b2 and O1, which are common among present-day Koreans, Japanese and some Manchu, were one of the carriers of the Yangtze civilisation. With the decline of the Yangtze civilisation, several tribes travelled west and north across the Shandong Peninsula, the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago.
中国东北的满族和朝鲜族源自中国的长江文明。研究表明，在现代朝鲜人、日本人和一些满族人中普遍存在的单倍群O1b2和O1是长江文明的载体之一。随着长江文明的衰落，几个部落向西和向北穿越了山东半岛、朝鲜半岛和日本列岛迁徙。
During the Qin Dynasty, Xu Fu took 3,000 men with him to Fusang in search of a cure for Qin Shi Huang.
此外，许多中国人在数千年间移居到日本。例如，秦朝时期，徐福率领3000人前往扶桑为秦始皇求药。
在南北朝时期，分布在乐浪和带方两个郡的中国人大量被流亡到日本。
此外，2020年4月发表的一项遗传研究表明，在组成分析中，研究人员发现日本人口与中国北部的汉族完全重叠。
Are ethnic Chinese people descended from Central Asia foragers, who are descended from migrants from Africa? Yes and yes. Are the ethnic Han one homogenous ethnicity? No. The Han people, like all of us, are the produced of multiple human migrations. We all come from Africa but this schoolyard smack talk seems to be a strange fixation to many people in China to “pull rank” on their neighbors in Asia. For the record, the first human inhabitants in Japan, the Jomon, likely arrived from Siberia well before China, the nation-state or ethnicity, ever existed at all.
中国人是中亚采集者的后裔，还是非洲移民的后裔？是的。汉族是同一个民族吗？不是。汉族人，就像我们所有人一样，是多次人类迁徙的产物。我们都源自非洲，但中国许多人似乎对这种与邻国争执的话题情有独钟，好像要在亚洲地区彰显自己的身份地位。值得一提的是，日本的第一个人类居住者——绳文人，很可能早在中国国家或民族存在之前就从西伯利亚移居到了日本。
I have read through quite a few of the answers and comments to this question and it dawned on me that there is a lot of confusion as most of the answers and comments have one major false assumption!
In trying to compare the Japanese people to the Chinese, it is definitely correct to say that on the Japanese side there is some “Chinese” or mainland North-East Asian influence both genetically as well as culturally.
The confusion is a result of not examining closely the other side of the comparison, i.e., what does it mean to be “Chinese”!
我已经阅读了这个问题的许多答案和评论，我意识到有很多混淆，因为大多数答案和评论存在一个主要的错误假设！ 在试图将日本人与中国人进行比较时，绝对可以说，在日本方面，无论从遗传学上还是从文化上，都存在一些“中国”或大陆东北亚的影响。 混淆的原因在于没有仔细审视比较的另一方面，即什么是“中国人”！
许多人隐含的错误假设是，“中国性”是一个民族或遗传上的构造。我个人认为，“中国性”主要是一个文化构建，在东亚地区占主导地位。这个地区在大部分记载历史中是一个与其他文化（如西亚等）相隔离并独立发展的地区，类似于前哥伦布时期的美洲文化。
The Han Chinese culture became dominant as it became synonymous with civilization. The Chinese culture through certain accidents of history developed a great resilience. China was conquered many times in history - Tang, Yuan and Ching dynasties and each time the conquering peoples became another type of Chinese - being absorbed into the 5,000 year old tapestry that is Chinese culture. Some possible examples of those fortuitous accidents of history could be the spread and acceptance of Confucianism and, perhaps more powerfully, the unifying and farsighted reforms of the first emperor of the united China - Qin Shi Huang Di - civil service by the governing mandarins - unifying written scxt and sheer force of his will. Time - 3,000 years before and 2,000 years after that significant event (unification) of cultural isolation thereafter and dominance over the East Asian region. I am sure there are other factors that I may have missed out that cemented the construct of Chineseness in that region.
不同之处在于，中国文化是所有早期文化中唯一幸存下来的(到目前为止)。随着帝国的发展和演变，汉人的概念与罗马人的概念相似。许多现代欧洲文化仍然保留着罗马风格的遗迹——使用沙皇、凯撒等。
汉文化成为了文明的代名词，占据了主导地位。中国文化通过历史上的偶然事件发展出了强大的韧性。中国在历史上多次被征服——唐、元、清王朝，每次征服的民族都变成了另一种中国人——被吸收到5000年历史的中国文化中。这些历史偶然事件的一些可能的例子可能是儒家思想的传播和接受，也许更有力的是，统一中国的第一位皇帝——秦始皇——统一和有远见的改革——由执政的官员实行文官制度——统一书面文字和他的意志的纯粹力量。时间——在那次重大事件(统一)之前3000年和之后2000年，之后的文化隔离和对东亚地区的统治。我敢肯定，还有其他一些我可能忽略了的因素，这些因素巩固了该地区的中国特色。
As an interesting addendum - the conquering Qin Shi Huang Di was from a group that at that time was not considered a true Han Chinese group (they were on the fringe of the region considered truly Han Chinese) - yet his conquest is the main event that defines what it means to be Chinese! This is just like Alexander the Great, a Macedonian, who was not considered a true Greek!
值得注意的是，有一些群体抵制了中国文化的影响力，至少足够保持文化上的独立 - 韩国人、日本人、泰国人、越南人就是例子。 一个有趣的补充是 - 征服者秦始皇并不属于当时被认为是真正汉族的群体（他们当时处于被认为是真正汉族地区的边缘），但他的征服事件是定义“中国人”意义的主要事件！这就像亚历山大大帝，一个马其顿人，被认为并不是真正的希腊人一样！
No, Some Koreans have a Chinese ancestry and maybe some of those Koreans again alternately became Japanese people's ancestors, thats why they may have some Chinese genes, or else the Japanese did not have any direct ancestry from China. The Han Culture influenced the Japanese but they r still different. The Japanese ancestry usually comes from the Austronesians, Altaic people (Ainu), and mostly Koreans.
有些韩国人可能具有中国的血统，而这些韩国人的一部分可能再次成为日本人的祖先，这就是他们可能拥有一些中国基因的原因，否则日本人没有直接来自中国的祖先。汉文化影响了日本，但他们仍然有所不同。日本人的祖先通常来自南岛民族、阿尔泰民族（阿伊努族），以及大多数韩国人。
Most of the ancient Chinese did not speak Chinese, they had their own tribal language, but the rulers asked them to use Chinese instead; the pronunciation of the Japanese language is somewhat similar to the spoken language in some parts of southern China, it is not accidental;
For example, if you are on the second floor, but you say that you did not come up from the first floor, others will feel strange;
Looking at the geographical location of Japan, if you say that the Japanese have nothing to do with China, that is not acceptable;
大部分古代中国人并不是用汉语交流，他们有自己的部落语言，但统治者要求他们使用汉语；日语的发音在一些中国南方地区的口音上略有相似，这并非偶然； 例如，如果你在二楼，但你说你没有从一楼上来，别人会感到奇怪； 从日本的地理位置来看，如果你说日本与中国没有关系，那是不可接受的；
DNA classification is artificially prescribed; different letters are used to represent different DNA types, and when you see different letters, you immediately feel that they have different ancestors, which is an illusion;
日本女性的线粒体DNA类型大致与中国女性相同，而男性的Y染色体亚型并不完全相同，但与其他地区的人相比，中日的基因更接近； DNA分类是人为设定的；不同的字母表示不同的DNA类型，当你看到不同的字母时，你会立即感觉它们有不同的祖先，这是一个错觉；
Deliberately speaking of Japan as a people with mysterious origins does not make sense;
就像一个姓氏，你可能有一个独特的姓氏，但这并不意味着你有一个不同的神秘祖先； 故意将日本描绘成一个拥有神秘起源的民族是没有意义的。
Nope. As much as some Chinese (actually a lot of Chinese) enjoy parading our little fairy tales around that justify our superiority complex, Japanese didn’t start out from the 500 young boy and girls Xu Fu led on an oversea journey in searching of elixir of life.
不，尽管有些中国人（实际上是很多中国人）喜欢炫耀我们那些为我们的优越感辩解的童话故事，但日本人并不是从许复带领的500名少男少女在海外寻找长生不老药的旅途中起步的。
There is evidence of human inhabitants as early as Paleolithic time period, long before Emperor Qin took power. Later on there's Jōmon period which was a hunter/gatherer culture. I have a hard time believe some hunter and gatherers from China decide it's a good idea to make a boat and sail to Japan during that time. There has been a lot of travelling between China and Japan through out history (after boats were invented…), and our cultures had influenced each other.
But Japanese culture should not be considered as a sub culture, or a derivative from Chinese culture. They're, perhaps more like brother sister culture, that shares a lot of things in common, but still independent.
在早期的旧石器时代，就有证据表明日本存在人类居民，比秦始皇上台的时间要早得多。之后是狩猎采集文化的绳纹时代。我很难相信一些来自中国的狩猎采集者会在那个时候决定制作船只航行到日本。历史上中日之间有很多交往（在船只发明之后），我们的文化互相影响。 但是日本文化不应被视为中国文化的子文化或派生物。它们更像是兄弟姐妹文化，有很多共同之处，但仍然独立存在。
During the Yayoi period (弥生時代, Yayoi jidai, roughly 300 BC – 300 AD), archaeological evidence suggests that there was an influx of farmers (Yayoi people) from the Asian continent to Japan. They overwhelmed and displaced the native hunter-gatherer Jomon population of Japan. Modern Japanese are mostly descendants of the Yayoi people with only very small influence from the former Jomon hunter-gatherers.
在弥生时代（公元前约300年至公元300年左右），考古证据表明，有大量来自亚洲大陆的农民（弥生人）涌入日本，他们压倒并取代了日本土著的狩猎采集者——绳纹人口。现代日本人主要是弥生人的后代，只有极少量前绳纹狩猎采集者的影响。 该时期以东京附近的地区命名，考古学家在那里首次发现了人工制品……
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
The answer to this question is, “It is complicated”.
Take a look at this image.
这个问题的答案是，“这很复杂”。
看看这张图。
This is a map that tracks population groups by y-DNA. Notice how the Japanese population group seems to be made up mostly of blue and yellow, with a bit of pink and a thin slice of another colour? That shows that while we can’t be 100% sure that Japanese people are Chinese, or Korea, well, there is good evidence that they’re genetically related to the people of South-East Asia (China and Korea being closest).
这是一张通过Y染色体追踪人群分布的地图。注意日本人群主要由蓝色和黄色组成，还有少量粉色和其他颜色。这表明虽然我们不能百分之百确定日本人是中国人或韩国人，但有很多证据表明他们与东南亚人（中国和韩国最为接近）在基因上有关联。
将此与上个冰河时代末期韩国和日本之间存在陆桥的历史事实相联系，很明显现代日本人从东南亚（可能是通过韩国）获得了基因的输入。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
然而，还有一个大块尘黄色的DNA（D型），你会发现它在今天的西藏普遍存在。现在，xz不是中国的一部分吗？..........我不会发表意见，但这确实引发了一个有趣的问题，即当我们说“中国”时我们指的是什么。
现代中国相当庞大，但它并不是“中国”历史上最大的。中国的大小和形状在千年间发生了巨大变化——维基百科上有一张非常出色的动画地图展示了“中国”的变化。
这里的底线是,在科学证据方面，不可否认的是，“中国人”（我用引号括起来，因为对于这么庞大和基因多样的群体做如此粗略的概括感觉相当荒谬）和“日本人”有许多共同的祖先，并且据称日本完全可能是通过从东南亚穿过陆地桥在日本称为绳文時代（绳文時代-维基百科）的时期进行人口迁徙的。
这大致对应于中国的夏朝，所以如果要技术上讲，穿越陆地桥进入日本的人可能并没有携带中国护照（如果当时存在此类东西），所以“技术上”来说，日本人不是中国人。
However they share a lot of the same ancestors, so in practical terms they are related.
… and all this question illustrates is the headaches I get when trying to explain the scientific reality (DNA groups) in terms of arbitrary and shifting social boundaries like countries.
然而，他们有很多相同的祖先，所以从实际角度来看，他们是有关联的。
...... 这个问题只是说明，当我试图解释科学现实（DNA群体）与国家这样的任意和不断变化的社会界限之间的关系时，我会遇到困扰。
No they are a mixture of Korean invaders, and a small number of native Jomon people. Possibly small amounts of Ainu as well.
They are genetically most closely related to Southern Koreans.
But Koreans had more Mongolian admixture over the centuries. So the two groups are now pretty distinct.
Culturally; China was always the model to follow for Japan. Japanese culture has been strongly influenced by Tang Dynasty China. It has some Korean influence as well especially in the arts and crafts. And of course Japanese developped their own little special cultural things that made them unique.
But China was the largest civilization and the source of knowledge and progress for most of Japan's history.
The ethnicity on mainland China that Japanese would be closest to, would be Manchus. And Manchu are not Han.
(Don't tell China I said this but… most Chinese people are not Han either)
不，他们主要是由韩国侵略者和少量的原始绳文人组成的混合群体。可能还有少量阿伊努人的血统。从基因上看，他们与韩国南部人关系最密切。但是，韩国人在几个世纪以来受到了更多的蒙古混血影响，所以这两个群体现在相当独立。在文化上，中国一直是日本追随的榜样。日本文化受到唐代中国的强烈影响，也有一些韩国的艺术和工艺品方面的影响。当然，日本也发展出了自己独特的文化特色。但是中国是日本历史上的最大文明，是知识和进步的源泉。在中国大陆上，日本人最接近的族群将是满族，而满族并非汉族（别告诉中国我这么说，但是……大多数中国人也不是汉人）