评价《奥本海默》——没有提及在辐射阴霾下挣扎的人们,存在于美国原子弹计划背后的丑恶和伤痛
No ‘Oppenheimer’ fanfare for those caught in first atomic bomb’s fallout译文简介
“他们指望我们是不成熟和没有受过教育的,无法为自己辩护的人,”
正文翻译
(1945年新墨西哥州三位一体试验场发生历史性爆炸后,蘑菇云形成)
TULAROSA, N.M. — A strong rumble woke 13-year-old Lucy Benavidez Garwood in the darkness, shaking the three-room adobe house where she and her family lived and rattling dishes in the kitchen cupboard. Neighbors who gathered that morning agreed it must have been an earthquake.
They learned the truth several weeks later when U.S. forces attacked Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. The atomic bombs dropped on the two cities had been developed in Tularosa’s own backyard — that pre-dawn test blast jolting communities across southern New Mexico, shooting a mushroom cloud 10 miles into the sky, then raining radioactive ash on thousands of unsuspecting residents.
What happened here in the aftermath, surviving “downwinders” and their relatives say, is a legacy of serious health consequences that have gone unacknowledged for 78 years. Their struggles continue to be pushed aside; the new blockbuster film “Oppenheimer,” which spotlights the scientist most credited for the bomb, ignores completely the people who lived in the shadow of his test site.
新墨西哥州图拉罗萨——黑暗中,一声巨响惊醒了13岁的露西·贝纳维德兹·加伍德,震动了她和家人居住的三间土坯房,厨房橱柜里的盘子也发出了嘎嘎声。那天早上聚集在一起的邻居们一致认为这一定是一场地震。
几周后,当美军袭击日本广岛和长崎时,他们得知了真相。投在这两座城市的原子弹是在图拉罗萨自己的后院研制出来的——黎明前的试验爆炸震动了新墨西哥州南部的社区,将蘑菇云射向10英里高的天空,随后将放射性灰尘降落在数千名毫无戒备的居民头上。
幸存的“下风居民(生活在核试验或其他有毒物质释放地点下风方向的居民)”和他们的亲属说,在此之后发生的事情是78年来未被承认的严重健康后果的遗留问题。他们的挣扎继续被搁置一边;新的大片《奥本海默》聚焦于为这颗原子弹做出最大贡献的科学家,却完全忽视了生活在他的试验场阴影下的人们。
They learned the truth several weeks later when U.S. forces attacked Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. The atomic bombs dropped on the two cities had been developed in Tularosa’s own backyard — that pre-dawn test blast jolting communities across southern New Mexico, shooting a mushroom cloud 10 miles into the sky, then raining radioactive ash on thousands of unsuspecting residents.
What happened here in the aftermath, surviving “downwinders” and their relatives say, is a legacy of serious health consequences that have gone unacknowledged for 78 years. Their struggles continue to be pushed aside; the new blockbuster film “Oppenheimer,” which spotlights the scientist most credited for the bomb, ignores completely the people who lived in the shadow of his test site.
新墨西哥州图拉罗萨——黑暗中,一声巨响惊醒了13岁的露西·贝纳维德兹·加伍德,震动了她和家人居住的三间土坯房,厨房橱柜里的盘子也发出了嘎嘎声。那天早上聚集在一起的邻居们一致认为这一定是一场地震。
几周后,当美军袭击日本广岛和长崎时,他们得知了真相。投在这两座城市的原子弹是在图拉罗萨自己的后院研制出来的——黎明前的试验爆炸震动了新墨西哥州南部的社区,将蘑菇云射向10英里高的天空,随后将放射性灰尘降落在数千名毫无戒备的居民头上。
幸存的“下风居民(生活在核试验或其他有毒物质释放地点下风方向的居民)”和他们的亲属说,在此之后发生的事情是78年来未被承认的严重健康后果的遗留问题。他们的挣扎继续被搁置一边;新的大片《奥本海默》聚焦于为这颗原子弹做出最大贡献的科学家,却完全忽视了生活在他的试验场阴影下的人们。
“They were counting on us to be unsophisticated and uneducated and unable to stick up for ourselves,” said Tina Cordova, a Tularosa native who for 18 years has led the Tularosa Basin Downwinders Consortium, which she co-founded after being diagnosed with thyroid cancer. “We’re not those people anymore.”
The Trinity site, about 60 miles northwest of tiny Tularosa, was chosen in part for its supposed isolation. Nearly half a million people lived within a 150-mile radius, though. Manhattan Project leaders knew a nuclear test would put them at risk, but with the nation at war, secrecy was the priority. Evacuation plans were never acted upon. The military concocted a cover story: The boom was an explosion of an ammunitions magazine.
“I feel like we weren’t valued,” said Garwood, now 91, with a family tree scarred by cancers. “Like they didn’t value our lives or our culture.”
“他们指望我们是不成熟和没有受过教育的,无法为自己辩护的人,”图拉罗萨本地人蒂娜·科尔多瓦说道。18年来,她一直领导着图拉罗萨盆地下风居民联盟,这个组织是她在被诊断出甲状腺癌后共同创立的。“我们不再是那些人了。”
位于图拉罗萨以西约60英里的三位一体试验场,部分原因是因为它被认为是相对隔离的地方。然而,在150英里半径内居住着近50万人。曼哈顿计划的领导人知道核试验会让他们面临风险,但在国家处于战争状态下,保密才是最重要的。撤离计划从未实施过。军方编造了一个掩盖故事:那声巨响是军火库爆炸引起的。
“我觉得我们没有受到重视,”现年91岁的加伍德说,她的家族因癌症而遭受了创伤。“就像他们不重视我们的生命或我们的文化。”
The Trinity site, about 60 miles northwest of tiny Tularosa, was chosen in part for its supposed isolation. Nearly half a million people lived within a 150-mile radius, though. Manhattan Project leaders knew a nuclear test would put them at risk, but with the nation at war, secrecy was the priority. Evacuation plans were never acted upon. The military concocted a cover story: The boom was an explosion of an ammunitions magazine.
“I feel like we weren’t valued,” said Garwood, now 91, with a family tree scarred by cancers. “Like they didn’t value our lives or our culture.”
“他们指望我们是不成熟和没有受过教育的,无法为自己辩护的人,”图拉罗萨本地人蒂娜·科尔多瓦说道。18年来,她一直领导着图拉罗萨盆地下风居民联盟,这个组织是她在被诊断出甲状腺癌后共同创立的。“我们不再是那些人了。”
位于图拉罗萨以西约60英里的三位一体试验场,部分原因是因为它被认为是相对隔离的地方。然而,在150英里半径内居住着近50万人。曼哈顿计划的领导人知道核试验会让他们面临风险,但在国家处于战争状态下,保密才是最重要的。撤离计划从未实施过。军方编造了一个掩盖故事:那声巨响是军火库爆炸引起的。
“我觉得我们没有受到重视,”现年91岁的加伍德说,她的家族因癌症而遭受了创伤。“就像他们不重视我们的生命或我们的文化。”
The July 16, 1945, blast was more massive than Oppenheimer and his fellow scientists expected, equivalent to nearly 25,000 tons of TNT, according to recent estimates. Witnesses said the plutonium ash fell for days, on areas where people grew their own food, drank rainwater collected in cisterns and cooled off in irrigation canals that made the arid region fertile.
Jimmy Villavicencio was 4 years old when the bomb detonated near his home in Oscura, a railroad camp to the east. He was outside helping his mother and a neighbor do laundry in the cool before sunrise.
“I looked over to a big cloud, what my mother called a tsunami,” Villavicencio, another cancer survivor, recalled several days ago. His mother frantically removed the wet clothes from the line and hung the pillowcases in the windows to protect their home from the incoming dust. “We heard, like, a gush of wind, and right behind it came the dirt, and I mean dirt.”
1945年7月16日的爆炸比奥本海默和他的科学家同事们预期的要大,根据最近的估计,相当于近25000吨TNT。目击者说,钚灰连续几天落在一些地区,那里的人们自己种植粮食,饮用蓄水池收集的雨水,并在那些使干旱地区变得肥沃的灌溉渠道中冷却。
核弹在他位于奥斯库拉的家附近引爆时,吉米·维拉维森西奥只有4岁。奥斯库拉是东部的一个铁路营地。日出时分前,他在外面帮妈妈和邻居洗衣服。
“我看向了一片巨大的云,我母亲称之为海啸,”维拉维森西奥,另一位癌症幸存者,几天前回忆道。他的母亲焦急地从晾衣绳上取下湿衣服,将枕套挂在窗户上,以保护家免受飘进的尘土的侵扰。“我们听到了像是喷涌的风,随即风声之后是尘土,我是说真的尘土。”
Jimmy Villavicencio was 4 years old when the bomb detonated near his home in Oscura, a railroad camp to the east. He was outside helping his mother and a neighbor do laundry in the cool before sunrise.
“I looked over to a big cloud, what my mother called a tsunami,” Villavicencio, another cancer survivor, recalled several days ago. His mother frantically removed the wet clothes from the line and hung the pillowcases in the windows to protect their home from the incoming dust. “We heard, like, a gush of wind, and right behind it came the dirt, and I mean dirt.”
1945年7月16日的爆炸比奥本海默和他的科学家同事们预期的要大,根据最近的估计,相当于近25000吨TNT。目击者说,钚灰连续几天落在一些地区,那里的人们自己种植粮食,饮用蓄水池收集的雨水,并在那些使干旱地区变得肥沃的灌溉渠道中冷却。
核弹在他位于奥斯库拉的家附近引爆时,吉米·维拉维森西奥只有4岁。奥斯库拉是东部的一个铁路营地。日出时分前,他在外面帮妈妈和邻居洗衣服。
“我看向了一片巨大的云,我母亲称之为海啸,”维拉维森西奥,另一位癌症幸存者,几天前回忆道。他的母亲焦急地从晾衣绳上取下湿衣服,将枕套挂在窗户上,以保护家免受飘进的尘土的侵扰。“我们听到了像是喷涌的风,随即风声之后是尘土,我是说真的尘土。”
The debris caked the pillowcases. A powder coated their car. Long after the seeming storm had settled, “snowflakes kept falling,” he said. Weeks later, a neighbor’s chickens began dying. “We … are still paying the price,” he added.
According to a new study, the fallout floated to 46 states, Mexico and Canada within 10 days. In 28 of 33 New Mexico counties, it estimates the accumulation of radioactive material was higher than required under the federal compensation program.
碎片沾满了枕套。他们的汽车被一层粉末覆盖着。即便在这场看似的风暴平息之后,"雪花仍在飘落," 他说。数周后,邻居家的鸡开始死去。"我们... 仍在为此付出代价," 他补充道。
根据一项新的研究,辐射尘埃在10天内飘散到了46个州、墨西哥和加拿大。据估计,在新墨西哥州的33个县中,有28个县的放射性物质积累量高于联邦补偿计划所要求的水平。
原创翻译:龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
According to a new study, the fallout floated to 46 states, Mexico and Canada within 10 days. In 28 of 33 New Mexico counties, it estimates the accumulation of radioactive material was higher than required under the federal compensation program.
碎片沾满了枕套。他们的汽车被一层粉末覆盖着。即便在这场看似的风暴平息之后,"雪花仍在飘落," 他说。数周后,邻居家的鸡开始死去。"我们... 仍在为此付出代价," 他补充道。
根据一项新的研究,辐射尘埃在10天内飘散到了46个州、墨西哥和加拿大。据估计,在新墨西哥州的33个县中,有28个县的放射性物质积累量高于联邦补偿计划所要求的水平。
原创翻译:龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
That program — the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act of 1990 — has paid out more than $2.5 billion to people who lived downwind of dozens of aboveground explosions conducted starting in the 1950s at the Nevada Test Site, as well as uranium industry workers and “on-site participants” at the Trinity test. New Mexico civilians have never been eligible.
Sens. Ben Ray Luján (D-N.M.) and Mike Crapo (R-Idaho) have pressed for years to expand RECA to include people who lived in their and other states during test periods. On Thursday, the Senate took up the amendment for the first time and passed it. Approval by the House remains uncertain, with some members contending the cost is too high. The program will expire next May without further action.
“This is a historic victory,” Luján said in an interview after the vote, which he attributed in part to the success of “Oppenheimer” and its scenes in New Mexico. “Any time there’s more stories being told, more information being shared, it educates all of us.”
该计划——1990年的《辐射暴露补偿法案》——已向居住在内华达试验场1950年代开始进行的数十次地面爆炸下风处的人、铀工业工人和三位一体试验“现场参与者”支付了超过25亿美元。而新墨西哥州的平民从未有资格获得补偿。
参议员本·雷·卢汉(新墨西哥州民主党人)和迈克·克拉波(爱达荷州共和党人)多年来一直在努力扩大《辐射暴露补偿法案》的范围,包括在试验期间居住在他们和其他州的人。周四,参议院首次审议并通过了这项修正案。众议院是否批准仍然不确定,一些议员认为成本太高。如果不采取进一步行动,该计划将于明年5月到期。
“这是一个历史性的胜利。”卢汉在投票后接受采访时说,他将其部分归功于《奥本海默》的成功及其在新墨西哥州的场景。“每当有更多的故事被讲述,更多的信息被分享,它会教育我们所有人。”
Sens. Ben Ray Luján (D-N.M.) and Mike Crapo (R-Idaho) have pressed for years to expand RECA to include people who lived in their and other states during test periods. On Thursday, the Senate took up the amendment for the first time and passed it. Approval by the House remains uncertain, with some members contending the cost is too high. The program will expire next May without further action.
“This is a historic victory,” Luján said in an interview after the vote, which he attributed in part to the success of “Oppenheimer” and its scenes in New Mexico. “Any time there’s more stories being told, more information being shared, it educates all of us.”
该计划——1990年的《辐射暴露补偿法案》——已向居住在内华达试验场1950年代开始进行的数十次地面爆炸下风处的人、铀工业工人和三位一体试验“现场参与者”支付了超过25亿美元。而新墨西哥州的平民从未有资格获得补偿。
参议员本·雷·卢汉(新墨西哥州民主党人)和迈克·克拉波(爱达荷州共和党人)多年来一直在努力扩大《辐射暴露补偿法案》的范围,包括在试验期间居住在他们和其他州的人。周四,参议院首次审议并通过了这项修正案。众议院是否批准仍然不确定,一些议员认为成本太高。如果不采取进一步行动,该计划将于明年5月到期。
“这是一个历史性的胜利。”卢汉在投票后接受采访时说,他将其部分归功于《奥本海默》的成功及其在新墨西哥州的场景。“每当有更多的故事被讲述,更多的信息被分享,它会教育我们所有人。”
“Why is our suffering different?” asks Bernice Gutierrez, who was born eight days after the test. She lived in Carrizozo, directly east of the Trinity site. She, her eldest son and daughter and 20 other family members have battled cancer, she said. “What has made us different than the other people given compensation?”
“为什么我们的遭遇不同?”测试八天后出生的伯尼丝·古铁雷斯问道。她居住在卡里佐佐,就在三位一体试验场的正东方。她说,她和她的长子、女儿以及其他20名家庭成员一直在与癌症作斗争。“是什么让我们与其他获得赔偿的人不同?”
“为什么我们的遭遇不同?”测试八天后出生的伯尼丝·古铁雷斯问道。她居住在卡里佐佐,就在三位一体试验场的正东方。她说,她和她的长子、女儿以及其他20名家庭成员一直在与癌症作斗争。“是什么让我们与其他获得赔偿的人不同?”
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Compensation for American citizens harmed by nuclear testing: Too expensive, say Republicans.
Tax cuts for billionaires: Not generous enough, say Republicans.
赔偿受核试验伤害的美国公民:共和党表示太昂贵。
对亿万富翁的税收减免:共和党表示不够慷慨。
Oh.... did not realize that billionaires were paying any tax!
哦......我没有意识到亿万富翁会缴纳任何税!
Some who claim to be billionaires but may not actually be certainly haven't been paying much. See Donald Trump's annual income tax bills of $750.
某些人声称自己是亿万富翁,但实际上可能并没有付出多少。看看唐纳德·特朗普每年750美元的所得税账单。
"Oppenheimer" was three hours long. It was about Robert Oppenheimer, and to a lesser extent, the building of the first atomic bombs. It wasn't meant to cover everything. Heck, it didn't even show the actual video of horribly burned Japanese getting emergency medical attention after the bombs fell.
"The Downwinders" could be a good movie. Perhaps someone ought to make it.
《奥本海默》长达三个小时。它主要讲述了罗伯特·奥本海默的故事,以及在较小程度上讲述了第一颗原子弹的制造过程。它并不意味着要涵盖所有内容。见鬼,它甚至没有展示在原子弹爆炸后,受到严重烧伤的日本人获得紧急医疗救治的真实视频。
《下风居民》可能会是一部好电影。或许有人应该去拍摄它。
All downwinders deserve compensation from the government. I don't fault the movie Oppenheimer for not focusing on them. I fault the government for ignoring all the evidence that many people suffered medical issues due to the Trinity blast. Time to accept responsibility and do the right thing.
所有的下风居民都应该得到政府的补偿。我不怪电影《奥本海默》没有关注他们。我责怪政府忽略了许多人因三位一体爆炸而遭受医疗问题的证据。是时候承担责任,做正确的事了。
At this point in time I suspect there are very few downwinders alive today. Long term studies of those who survived Hiroshima and Nagasaki indicate there were not generational health repercussions from the radiation exposure from those explosions.
That does not mean that fallout from all the above ground nuclear test explosions (Russia and the US conducted most of those although a few others did as well) has not done something to all of us. Perhaps that is what is leading to reduced male fertility rates world wide. Wonder if anyone is studying that.
在这个时间点上,我怀疑今天还活着的下风居民已经很少了。对广岛和长崎幸存者的长期研究表明,这些爆炸的辐射暴露不会对世代健康产生影响。
这并不意味着所有地面核试验爆炸(俄罗斯和美国进行了大部分核试验,尽管其他一些国家也进行了核试验)的放射性尘埃没有对我们所有人造成影响。也许这就是导致全球男性生育率下降的原因。不知道有没有人在研究这个。
I wonder what the soil contains today for downwinders. I'm not versed in science or this kind of situation, so don't have a clue... but curious how long the fallout truly is. Is there long lasting residue in the soil... water?
我想知道今天的下风区土壤中含有什么成分。我不精通科学或这种情况,所以不知道...但很好奇辐射尘埃到底持续多久。土壤中是否有持久的残留物...水中呢?
New Mexican downwinders should be covered.
新墨西哥的下风居民应该得到补偿。
That's the bottom line. Most of the rest of the arguing about it, this way or that, is irrelevant.
这个是底线。剩下的大部分争论,无论是这样还是那样,都是无关紧要的。
WHY do Americans who have been harmed by government activities have to beg, sue, plead, wait and wait,the government maybe hoping complainants will just die off.
Agent Orange, radiation, PFAS, toxic effects of hazardous burning, first responders from 911, and on and on....
为什么受到政府活动伤害的美国人必须乞求、起诉、恳求、等待,而政府可能希望投诉者会都死掉。
橙剂、辐射、PFAS(全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质)、有害燃烧的毒性影响、911的急救人员,等等...
We have a terrible legacy in this country of experimentation with little to no consideration for the lives impacted. It's no surprise these people suffer the same fate.
We can and should do better. Sadly, I have no faith in our government's willingness to actually do better by its citizens, unless they're corporations.
在我们这个国家有一个可怕的遗留问题,那就是实验几乎没有考虑到受影响的生命。这些人遭受同样命运并不奇怪。
我们可以也应该做得更好。可悲的是,我不相信我们的政府真的愿意为公民做得更好,除非他们是公司。
And your thought is that there have been no safety improvements to experimentation lo these 80 years and thus you never trust government? That just seems dim, very dim.
你的想法是这80年来实验没有任何安全改进,因此你永远不信任政府?这似乎很愚蠢,非常愚蠢。
Don't forget about the people residing on/near the Marshall Islands - 105 detonations over 15 years.
别忘了居住在马绍尔群岛上或附近的人们——15年来进行了105次爆炸。
Oppenheimer is a terrific film. In fairness, in a movie, even a 3 hour one, you can't get into every topic. You'd need a Ken Burns type series to get into all of the issues surrounding the Manhattan Project.
《奥本海默》是一部很棒的电影。公平地说,在一部电影中,即使是3小时的电影,也不能涵盖每个主题。你需要一个肯·伯恩斯式的系列节目来深入探讨围绕曼哈顿计划的所有问题。
I remember reading expose articles in the 1980s (?) about downwind radiation poisoning in Utah during the heyday of atomic testing in the U.S. Articles spoke of scout troops going to view the explosions and being told they could --"think of it as a daily dose of sunshine," of government inspectors telling the locals that they were safe, although they themselves would not drink the local milk or water, and of car-washes designed to clean cars traveling too near the blast site while the people doing the cleaning wore no protective gear. Downwind St. George, Utah was apparently a focal point of higher than expected cancer clusters. Not new news, however, it is certainly appropriate to bring it up again, and I'm sure the government was especially indifferent to the indigenous people living in the area.
我还记得在20世纪80年代(?)读到的关于美国核试验鼎盛时期犹他州下风区辐射中毒的揭露性文章。文章谈到了童子军前往观看爆炸,被告知他们可以“把它当作每天的阳光照射量”,政府检查员告诉当地人他们是安全的,尽管他们自己不会喝当地的牛奶或水,还有专门用于清洗在爆炸现场附近行驶的汽车的洗车房,而清洁工人却没有佩戴任何防护装备。下风区圣乔治市在犹他州显然是一个高于预期癌症集群的焦点。虽然这不是新鲜新闻,但再次提起当然是合适的,我相信政府对该地区的土著居民尤其漠不关心。
The brilliant writer Terry Tempest Williams covers some of this history in her book that came out in 1991, "Refuge: An Unnatural History of Family and Place". There is a chapter titled "The Clan of the One Breasted Women" and relates how so many of her relatives developed breast cancer. A VERY worthwhile read.
杰出作家特里·坦佩斯特·威廉姆斯在她1991年出版的书《避难所:家庭与地方的非自然历史》中涵盖了一些这方面的历史。有一章标题为“单乳女人家族”,讲述了她的许多亲戚如何患上乳腺癌的。一本非常值得一读的书。
The Williams family also suffered from ovarian cancer. I read "Refuge" years ago, but still vividly remember the chapter describing a woman (her grandmother, if I remember correctly) laboring all night to give "birth" over the toilet, only to pass a large cancerous mass.
威廉姆斯家族也遭受了卵巢癌的折磨。我几年前读过《避难所》,但仍然清晰地记得描述一个女人(如果我记得正确,那是她的祖母)整夜在厕所里努力分娩,却排出一个巨大的癌肿块。
Reminds me of how the Republicans had to be shamed into providing Healthcare for our First Responders who developed cancers and disease after doing heroic work at the 911 site. Seems to me, something like this would be a no brainer.
让我想起了共和党人在被迫之后才提供医疗保健,用于治疗我们的急救人员,他们在911现场英勇工作后患上了癌症和疾病。在我看来,类似的事情应该是不言而喻的。
More to others is just less for them.
对别人来说越多,对他们来说就越少。
Florida schools are now teaching about the benefits attributed to radioactive fallout exposure.
佛罗里达州的学校现在正在教授暴露于放射性沉降物的好处。
原创翻译:龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Well yeah. The surviving gene pool had resilience to radiation poisoning, which could benefit it later.
嗯,是的。存活下来的基因库对辐射中毒有抵抗力,这对它以后会有好处。