中国历史上有哪些蝴蝶效应？

Jaber Soh
Well, I can think of one butterfly effect that happened during the Han Dynasty that had a huge impact upon the Han Dynasty and helped preserved the entire Chinese culture and changed the course of Chinese history for the next 2000 years.

It all started with this Emperor, (汉景帝) Emperor Jing of Han, (刘启), Liu Qi.
嗯，我能想到发生在汉朝的一个蝴蝶效应，它对汉朝产生了巨大的影响，帮助保存了整个中国文化得以延续，并改变了中国未来2000年的历史进程。
这一切都始于这个皇帝，汉景帝，刘启。
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（译注：汉景帝刘启，西汉第六位皇帝（前157年—前141年在位），汉文帝刘恒嫡长子，母为孝文窦皇后窦氏（即窦太后）。文帝后七年 （前157年）六月继位。在位期间继续推行与民休息、轻徭薄赋政策，社会经济得到进一步恢复和发展。田租由十五税一改为三十税一，此后成为汉朝定制。为加强中央集权，采纳晁错建议实行削藩。景帝前三年（前154年）平定吴楚七国之乱。其后又令诸侯王不得治民，损黜其官制，王国官吏由皇帝任免。后世史家将其和文帝统治时期合称文景之治。）
Around the year 160 - 150 B.C., Liu Qi come over to the place of his concubine, (程姬) Consort Cheng, in order to sleep with her.
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Most concubines would be delighted at the notion that the Emperor would be coming over to spend the night with them, but not Consort Cheng at that time. This was due to the fact that Consort Cheng was on her menses. Concubines in those days were required to wear red makeup on their face to indicate that they were on their menses, so that the Emperor would know when not to spend the night with them.
The problem was, Consort Cheng was one of the many concubines of the Emperor that the Emperor had neglected all those times. She never thought that the Emperor would spend the night with her, since the Emperor had been neglecting her for a few years now, thus, she didn't wear the red makeup, which caused the Emperor to assume that it's a fine night to spend the night with her.

大约在公元前160 - 150年，刘启来到他的妃子那里，(程姬)程妃，为了和她睡觉。
大多数嫔妃一想到皇帝会过来与她们共度良宵都会很高兴，但那个时候程妃并没有。这是因为程妃来大姨妈了。当时的嫔妃们被要求在脸上化妆成红色，以表示她们正在月经期，这样皇帝就知道什么时候不能和她们过夜。
问题是，程妃是皇帝一直忽视的众多妃子之一。她从来没有想到皇帝会和她共度良宵，因为皇帝已经忽视她好几年了，所以她没有化红妆，这使得皇帝认为和她共度良宵会是一个美好的夜晚。
Consort Cheng managed to get the Emperor drunk, and then ordered her servant, 唐姬 (a girl with the surname “Tang”, it's usual for commoners and slaves to not have official names) , to sleep with the Emperor.

When the Emperor woke up, he was shocked that he had slept with the servant, instead of Consort Cheng. The Emperor ignored what had happened, and just let this incident goes by without any further action.

程妃设法把皇帝灌醉，然后命令她的仆人，唐姬(一个姓“唐”的女孩，一般平民和奴隶都没有正式的名字)和皇帝睡觉。
当皇帝醒来时，他震惊地发现他睡的是仆人，而不是程妃。皇帝对所发生的事情视而不见，只是让这一事件过去，没有采取任何进一步的行动。
The problem was, 唐姬 (Let's call her Tang Ji, shall we?) managed to got pregnant from that one night that she had spent with the Emperor. Tang Ji gave birth to a son, that was named (刘发) Liu Fa. Now that she had bore the Emperor a son, the Emperor cannot ignored what had happened, thus the Emperor granted the title of Consort Tang to Tang Ji, and made Liu Fa the Prince of Chang Sha (长沙王) around 155 B.C., where he was granted a fiefdom in the Chang Sha District.
Liu Fa (刘发), begets Liu Mai (刘买), who begets Liu Wai (刘外), who begets Liu Qing (刘钦), who begets Liu Xiu (刘秀).
Yes, this Liu Xiu. (汉光武帝) Emperor Guang Wu of Han.
问题是，唐姬(我们就叫她唐姬，好吧？)从和皇帝共度的那一夜开始，她成功怀孕了。唐姬生了一个儿子，取名为刘发。她给皇帝生了一个儿子，所以皇帝不能忽视发生的事情，因此皇帝把唐妃的头衔授予唐姬，并让刘发成为长沙王) 公元前155年左右，他在长沙获得了一块封地。
刘发(刘发)，生下刘买，刘买生下刘外，刘外生刘钦，刘钦生了刘秀。
是的，这个刘秀。（汉光武帝)汉光武帝。

（译注：刘秀（公元前5年1月15日—公元57年3月29日），字文叔，籍贯南阳郡蔡阳县（今湖北省枣阳市西南） 。东汉开国皇帝，杰出的政治家、军事家。汉高帝刘邦九世孙，汉景帝之子长沙定王刘发后裔。）
As we know, Emperor Guang Wu managed to topple the Xin Dynasty (新朝) established by Wang Mang (王莽), and resumed the Han Dynasty for another 195 years, after it was previously toppled by Wang Mang. The Han Dynasty that was established by Liu Xiu was known as the Eastern Han Dynasty by Chinese Historians, due to the fact that he set his capital city on the east side in Luo Yang (洛阳), in contrast Han Dynasty''s previous capital city on the west side, Chang An (长安).

Imagine the butterfly effect here; if Consort Cheng wore her red makeup that day, Emperor Jing wouldn't have slept with the maid Tang Ji that night, which then wouldn't caused him to beget his son Liu Fa, which then wouldn't led to the birth of Liu Xiu, which then wouldn't caused the continuation of the Han Dynasty after it was toppled by Wang Mang in 9 A.D., and with no Eastern Han Dynasty, there would be no period that will be known as the Three Kingdom period; Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Sun Quan wouldn't exist.

众所周知，光武帝推翻了新朝，新朝由王莽建立，汉朝在被王莽推翻后，汉朝又恢复了195年。刘秀建立的汉朝被中国历史学家称为东汉，因为他把首都设在洛阳(洛阳)，相比之下汉朝以前的都城在西边的长安。
想象一下这里的蝴蝶效应；如果程妃那天化了红妆，景帝那天晚上就不会和宫女唐姬上床，这样他就不会生下儿子刘发，也不会生下刘秀，也不会导致汉朝在公元9年被王莽推翻后继续存在，就不会有东汉，也就不会有所谓的三国时期；曹操，刘备，孙权就不会存在。

With Cao Cao being non-existent, no one would hold off the northern nomadic horde of Wu Huan and Xian Bei and no one to sinicized these northern nomadic tribes (though sinicization of these nomadic tribes do began before Cao Cao, it was Cao Cao that created a perfect system of sinicizing and submitting the nomadic tribes from the North to the Chinese rule), which would cause China to be invaded by these nomadic tribes much earlier; without sinicization of these nomadic tribes, the culture of China as we know it would be decimated by these tribes, and thus Chinese culture would not be the one that we've witness today.
So all these hypothetical scenarios were averted, just because one consort forgot to wore her red makeup when she was having her menses. Quite a butterfly effect there, I would say.

由于在不存在曹操的情况下，没有人会阻挡北方游牧民族乌桓和鲜卑，也没有人会将这些北方游牧部落汉化（尽管这些游牧部落的汉化确实在曹之前就开始了，但正是曹创造了一个将北方游牧部落汉化并服从中国统治的完美体系），这将导致中国更早地被这些游牧部落入侵；如果没有这些游牧部落的中国化，我们所知道的中国文化将被这些部落毁灭，因此中国文化就不会是我们今天看到的那种。
因此，所有这些假设的场景都被避免了，只是因为一位配偶在月经来潮时忘记化红妆；我认为这就是一种蝴蝶效应。

：
Tris Nguyen
The problem is, as the fall of Wang Mang had been inevitable, even if that Liu Xiu did not exist, there were quite some Liu pretenders, real and fake, around with considerable military power, capable and eager to restore the Han dynasty (Liu Xiu fought some of them).

问题是，由于王莽的倒台是不可避免的，即使刘秀不存在，天下也有相当多的自称宗室之后的刘姓者，无论是真的还是假的，他们都拥有相当大的军事力量，有能力并渴望恢复汉朝（刘秀会其中一些人战斗）。

Jaber Soh

True. But if you really look at those that Liu Xiu fought in the attempt to unify China, all of them lack the ambition and ability to unify China. You have 王郎，a person claimed to be an heir to Emperor Cheng of Han, who was immediately beaten back and defeated by Liu Xiu the moment Liu Xiu managed to raised an army. You have 公孙述, a person so superstitious that his own superstitious caused his death. And let's not even talk about 更始帝 and 刘盆子, both young and useless puppet Emperor that was raised by 绿林军 and 赤眉军 respectively.

Without Liu Xiu, all these factions would have to battle each other, and I don't think China will be unified for the next hundreds of years or so.

没错。但如果你真的看看那些与刘秀争夺天下的人，他们都缺乏统一中国的野心和能力。王郎，一个人自称是汉成帝继承人的家伙，结果刘秀的军队一到，他立即被刘秀击败。公孙述一个非常迷信的人，他自己的迷信导致了他的死亡。我们甚至没必要谈论更始帝和刘盆子，他们是年轻和无用的傀儡皇帝，分别是绿林军和赤眉军分别推举的。
如果没有刘秀，所有这些派别将不得不互相争斗，我不认为中国在此后几百年左右会统一。

Tris Nguyen
While your comment is correct, it does not refute the fact that all factions (except for Gongsun Shu) was led by a Liu, so it would inevitably be a restoration of the Han, no matter which faction would be victorious.

虽然你的话也有道理，但它并不能反驳这样一个事实，即所有派系（公孙述除外）都是由刘氏领导的，因此无论哪一派获胜，都将会是汉朝的复辟。
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Coulson Phli
On the Chinese Internet, Wang Mang is a traveler - most netizens think he is Peng Jiamu (1980) who once disappeared in the Lop Nur desert.
And Liu Xiu is the Son of Heaven's Chosen... The story of Liu Xiu's founding of the Eastern Han Dynasty is known as the story of the Son of Heaven's Chosen defeating the transmigrators.

在中国互联网上，王莽是一个穿越者——大多数网民认为他是彭加木（1980），曾在罗布泊沙漠失踪。
而刘秀是天选之子（位面之子）；刘秀建立东汉的故事被称为“位面之子打败流民的故事”。
（译注：彭加木（1925年5月19日—1980年6月17日 [1] ），原名彭家睦，男，汉族，广东省番禺市人，党员，生物化学家 ，原中国科学院上海生物化学研究所研究员、中国科学院新疆分院副院长。1980年5月第三次到罗布泊考察并担任中国罗布泊科学考察队长，1980年6月17日在罗布泊科考时不幸失踪。1981年10月13日自治区党委、自治区人民政府作出《关于开展向革命烈士彭加木同志学习活动的决定》。1982年被上海市人民政府追认为革命烈士。）

新莽铜卡尺，和现代人的游标卡尺几乎差不多。

——————
Jiahong Chen
Well, I can give some which started in my birthplace, Guangdong.
Everything started in 1840, the First Opium War happened between Guangzhou and London. By the time, Guangzhou was still using Canton as its English name and under Manchurian-led Tsing/Qing Dynasty’s control.
The British won the war, and forced Tsing government to sign the Nanking Treaty to open 5 ports and get Hong Kong.
The 5 ports’ merchantise led to the fallen of Canton’s status. Then Punti-Hakka Clan War happened.
During this war, Hakka captured the mountain, and Cantonese hired the Mercenary army from Europe to fight for them. Finally, Hakka people lost the war and ran to Guangxi province and started the Taiping Rebellion. And the mercenary army from Europe found out a way to expand the trading.
The Tsing government joint force with the mercenary army which mainly organized from British and French to fight against the Taiping Rebellion Army.
Finally the Taiping Rebellion Army lost the war and being defeated. But then the mercenary army started the Second Opium War.
During the war, they captured Canton ASAP, then fought against the Tsing Dynasty. Canton was then under control of British and French for 4 years.

嗯，我可以给你一些从我的出生地广东开始的例子。
一切都始于1840年，第一次鸦片战争发生在广州和伦敦之间。那时，广州（Guangzhou)还在使用广州（Canton）作为其英文名称，并处于满洲人领导的清王朝的控制之下。
英国人赢得了战争，迫使清朝政府签署了《南京条约》，开放5个口岸，并得到了香港。
五港通商导致了广州地位的衰落。后来发生了土客械斗。
在这场战争中，客家人攻占了这座山，广府人雇佣了欧洲雇佣兵为他们而战。最后，客家人输了战争，逃到广西，发动了太平天国起义；来自欧洲的雇佣兵找到了扩大贸易的方法。
清政府与以英法两国为主组织起来的雇佣兵联手抗击太平天国。
最后，太平天国军战败了；但后来雇佣兵引发了第二次鸦片战争。
在战争期间，他们尽快占领了广州，并与清朝作战。当时，广州在英国和法国的控制下长达4年之久。

In this 4 years, A retired Taiping Rebellion Army’s soldier got to his home village and told the story about the army to the kids. One of the kids later grew to be the first president of Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen.
The mercenary army burnt and robbed the Yi Heyuan aka The Summer Palace. It caused the death of Xianfeng Emperor.
During the Punti-Hakka Clan War, some of the captives were sent to United States as the low cost labor for constructing the railway. Which helped the reunx of the East and West of the United States.
After the First opium war, Lin Zexu was sent to Sinkiang, before his leaving, he left the materials about the Europe and America to his friend Wei Yuan. Wei Yuan collected all the materials and published the book Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms (Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms - Wikipedia), which was one of the key issues for Japan’s rise.
Finally, Sun Yat-sen successfully launched the Xinhai Revolution, and the Republic of China was founded.
Then all of these triggered the later history of China. So it is an great example about tthe butterfly effect.

在这4年里，一位退役的太平天国军的战士来到他的家乡，给孩子们讲述了军队的故事。其中一个孩子后来成长为“中华民国”第一任总统孙中山。
雇佣兵烧毁和抢劫了颐和园，还导致咸丰皇帝的死亡。
在土客斗争期间，一些俘虏被送到美国，作为修建铁路的廉价劳动力。这帮助了美国东部和西部的连接。
第一次鸦片战争后，林则徐被派往新疆，临行前，他把有关欧美的资料留给了他的朋友魏源。魏源收集了所有的材料，出版了《海国图志》(Illustrated Treatise on the Sea Kingons-Wikipedia)，这书是日本崛起的关键原因之一。
最后，孙中山成功发动辛亥革命，建立了“中华民国”。
然后这一切导致了那之后的中国历史。
这是关于蝴蝶效应的一个很好的例子。
(译注：Punti-Hakka 土客械斗，指广府人和客家人之间的族群斗争。Punti是广府话发音的本地的意思（bendi），Hakka 是客家人（kejia）

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