QA问答：我如何改善自己的个人财务状况？
How do I improve my personal finances?
译文简介
网友：公开市场旨在用您现在的美元换取未来的增长。这就是时间影响金钱的方式。具有讽刺意味的是，市场有各种各样的方式将价值从期货、期权和股票中转移到未来。学习这些东西可以成为从您今天节省的美元中获取收益的有效方法。否则，你未来银行账户中的美元将是你今天拥有的钱减去因通货膨胀率贬值的钱。
正文翻译
How do I improve my personal finances?
我如何改善自己的个人财务状况？
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Public markets are designed to exchange your present dollars for future growth. That’s how time influences money. Markets have all sorts of ways of transporting value into the future, ironically, from things called futures, options, and equities. Learning these things can be a powerful way to extract gains from the dollars you are saving today. Otherwise, your dollars in the future lying around in your bank account will be the money you have today minus the rate of inflation.
Having something to start with. If you force yourself into a starting point, you can make it into a habit easier. Once you have something, you’re going to struggle to want to part ways with it. Getting creative on how to do more with less is one of the best steps into creating a habit for your personal finances to even exist.
Put something aside. Start simple and small. Set anything out of the money you’re earning. CareerBuilder states that 78% of Americans are living paycheck to paycheck, so if you can save anything, you are already in the minority.
公开市场旨在用您现在的美元换取未来的增长。这就是时间影响金钱的方式。具有讽刺意味的是，市场有各种各样的方式将价值从期货、期权和股票中转移到未来。学习这些东西可以成为从您今天节省的美元中获取收益的有效方法。否则，你未来银行账户中的美元将是你今天拥有的钱减去因通货膨胀率贬值的钱。
1. 有事可做。如果你强迫自己进入一个行业，你可以更容易地养成习惯。一旦你拥有了某样东西，你就会很难想与它分开。如何事半功倍发挥创意是养成个人理财习惯的最佳步骤之一。
2. 存点有价值的东西。从简单而小的东西开始。从你赚的钱中拿出任何东西存起来。CareerBuilder 指出，78% 的美国人靠薪水过活，所以如果你能存点有价值的东西，你就已经是少数了。
Fourth point, extended: There is no secret advice. Nobody has the super secret information on extracting massive gains on the market. Mathematically speaking, the longer you hold an equity, the higher the probability that it eventually turns profitable for you. If there were secret to gaining a profit, they are well hidden and will likely never be shared. Take RenTech for example, they have had 70% gains annually for the last 30 years on their most prized fund. That’s over $100 billion in gains. Nobody knows what they are doing, and they don’t waste their time advertising on the internet about their results. The best information is yet to be synthesized or in conversation with extremely smart people; either way, it’s generally free and requires a lot of hard work.
Inactivity with stock market investments is the best. Find something that contributes to your wealth, and add to it. Don’t actively trade, anybody telling you it’s possible needs to show you a track record of at least a decade of earnings that are better than the S&P. Another hint: Almost 95% of active managers underperform the S&P.
3. 了解金融术语的含义以及它是否说的有道理。提示：99% 的金融术语都是巧妙弯曲的数学。这些术语的定义已经被公开了很多次，实际上毫无意义。
4. 延伸扩展：这是毫无保留的建议。没有人掌握在市场上获取巨额收益的绝密信息。从数学上讲，您持有股票的时间越长，它最终为您盈利的可能性就越高。如果有获利的秘诀，它们就会被很好地隐藏起来，而且很可能永远不会被分享。以 RenTech 为例，在过去 30 年里，他们最有价值的基金每年获得 70% 的收益。这是超过 1000 亿美元的收益。没有人知道他们在做什么，他们也不会浪费时间在互联网上宣传他们的成果。最好的信息还有待于合成，或者有待于与极其聪明的人交谈；无论哪种方式，它通常都是免费的，并且需要大量的努力工作。
5. 不活跃在股市投资是最好的。找到对你的财富有贡献的东西，并加持。不要积极交易，任何人让你做这些交易，就需要向你展示至少十年的收益记录，这些记录比标准普尔更好。另一个提示：几乎95%的积极型基金经理的表现低于标准普尔指数。
Personal finance is actually a very broad term that covers everything that has to do with your money.
How much you have, how much you save and invest, how much do you borrow, how much do you owe, literally everything under the larger umbrella of money.
So a question directing towards improving personal finances needs to cover all aspects of budgeting, investing, spending, borrowing and likewise.
Let's begin with budgeting.
You can either begin this exercise when you start earning or later because better late than never! Budgeting is basically differentiating between your needs, wants and savings. I will cover borrowing and investment aspects under every category of budgeting to give you a wholesome idea of personal finance.
Needs: These include things you cannot avoid. Things like rent, food, clothing, shelter, utility bills. These are your basic necessities. All your important life goals should become a part of your needs when you are planning how to spend your money.
个人理财实际上是一个非常广泛的术语，涵盖与您的钱有关的一切交易活动。
你有多少资金，你储蓄和投资了多少，你借了多少，你欠了多少，实际上一切都在更大的金融保护伞下。
因此，针对改善个人财务状况的问题需要涵盖预算、投资、支出、借贷等各个方面。
让我们从预算开始。
您可以在开始赚钱时开始这项练习，也可以晚些时候开始，因为迟做总比不做好！预算编制基本上是区分您的需求、期望和储蓄。我将涵盖每个预算类别下的借贷和投资，让您对个人理财有一个全面的了解。
需求：这些包括您无法避免的事情。诸如房租、食物、衣服、住所、水电费之类的东西。这些是您的基本必需品。当您计划如何花钱时，您所有重要的人生目标都应该成为您需求的一部分。
Investment: Retirement is one of the long term goals that every investor should invest for. So when you are budgeting, retirement investment should be ranked high up and should be considered as a need from day 1. Many informed investors start investing early for such life goals so that they do not have to borrow when they are older.
There are other such long term goals as well. Say you know that you need to buy a house 10 years from now, or say you need X amount of money for your higher education in two years’ time; basically, if you know the amount you need, when you need it and what you need it for, it is always better to invest it in a mutual fund for it. You can let the fund compound returns over the years and then redeem it when you need it.
Online investment platforms like Groww offer you handpicked collections on the basis of high/low risk funds, long/short term funds and more. This makes it easy for me to know which funds can be used for a short term goal and which for a long term goal.
借款/债务：请记住，每笔贷款都是债务。永远不要将其视为临时收入，因为您需要在未来加上额外的利息偿还。现在你可能已经为一个基本目标贷款，比如房子或汽车、教育、婚姻等等。为此类生活目标提供资金的此类贷款的 EMI 也成为一种“需求”。您应该能够仅在您的需求范围内承担此类支出。
投资：退休是每个投资者都应该投资的长期目标之一。因此，当您制定预算时，退休投资应该排在前列，并且从第一天起就应该被视为一种需要。许多知情的投资者很早就开始为这些人生目标进行投资，这样他们就不必在年老时借钱了。
还有其他这样的长期目标。假设您知道 10 年后需要买房，或者说两年后您需要 X 笔钱来接受高等教育；基本上，如果您知道需要的金额、需要的时间和用途，那么最好将其投资于共同基金。您可以让基金逐年复利，然后在需要时赎回。
Groww等在线投资平台为您提供基于高/低风险基金、长/短期基金等。这让我很容易知道哪些资金可以用于短期目标，哪些可以用于长期目标。
Wants: Wants are supposed to have the smallest claim on your salary. Leisure travel, splurging on shopping and grooming, hobbies and the list is endless.
Borrowing: Adding to your debts for your wants is not advisable at all. Taking a loan to finance your wants is extremely dangerous and should be avoided at all costs. An example could be taking a loan for a foreign trip with your friends. The main reason is that every loan is a liability and should be used judiciously for things that are required and not otherwise.
Investment: Even investment is a form of expenditure but is still better than borrowing for it. Generally wants are near-term goals and do not have the time-bandwidth to be financed by investments.
However, if there is some space, do try the investment route. Like the foreign trip example I gave. If you know you have to go for that trip in a year’s time, why not invest in a short term debt fund. This is much better than paying EMIs.
If you must have already gauged, personal finance is all about managing your spends, savings, investments and apportioning them for your needs and wants. Personal Finance is a larger game between needs and wants and you should be able to differentiate between the two to improve your finances.
这里的问题是区分你“需要”和“想要”的东西。
欲望：欲望对你的薪水的要求应该是最小的。休闲旅行，挥霍购物和美容，爱好和购物清单是无穷无尽的。
借贷：为自己的需要增加债务是不可取的。借钱满足你的需求是极其危险的，应该不惜一切代价避免。有可能是与朋友一起出国旅行而贷款。主要原因是每笔贷款都是一种负债，应该明智地用于需要的东西，而不是其他用途。
即使投资也是一种支出形式，但仍然比借贷要好。一般来说，需求是短期目标，没有足够的时间来进行投资。
但是，如果有一些空间，请尝试投资路线。就像我举的国外旅行例子。如果你知道一年后你必须去那次旅行，为什么不投资短期债务基金。这比支付 EMI 好得多。
如果您一定已经衡量过，那么个人理财就是管理您的支出、储蓄、投资，并根据您的需要和期望分配它们。个人理财是需求与欲望之间的一场更大的博弈，您应该能够区分两者以改善您的财务状况。
Let me share a few hacks, I’ve personally tried and I can say, they worked pretty well for me. So here it goes:
Don’t use digital payments. Pay cash whenever you shop or dine out. You will automatically spend less.
Lend and borrow. Yes, it might look tempting to buy your own things, but before buying that thing, first decide whether your needs are temporary or permanent.
Always pay a little more than the minimum amount for your debts.
Stop online shopping. I know this is pretty difficult but try it for a month and you will know the difference.
Will keep adding more :)
让我分享一些技巧，我亲自尝试过，我可以说，它们对我来说效果很好，这些技巧是：
不要使用数字支付。购物或外出就餐时支付现金。你会自动少花钱。
借钱。是的，购买自己的东西可能看起来很诱人，但在购买之前，请先确定您的需求是暂时的还是永久的。
始终支付比您的债务最低金额多一点的钱。
停止网上购物。我知道这很困难，但尝试一个月，你就会知道其中的区别。
Improving your personal finances, though tough, is possible through commitment and discipline. Here is how you can get started:
Know your financial worth – You will need to create a list of your savings, investments, debts, loans, etc. Take the help of a financial advisor to create a personal net worth statement.
Prepare your financial goal – It is important to know your financial goals. Are you looking to become debt-free? Are you planning to save a targetted -amount for your retirement? Is this targeted amount sufficient for your retirement? Do you have to plan for your children’s education? Knowing the goals helps decide how much you need to earn and save.
Create a budget and stick to it – I mentioned above, improving personal finances requires discipline. You may have to forgo certain luxuries and be careful with how you spend your money in order to reach your financial goal. Do not waver from your commitment. In the end, you will reap the benefits of your sacrifices.
改善您的个人财务状况虽然艰难，但可以通过承诺和纪律来实现。以下是您如何开始的几个步骤：
了解您的财务价值——您需要列出您的储蓄、投资、债务、贷款等。在财务顾问的帮助下创建个人净资产报表。
准备您的财务目标——了解您的财务目标很重要。您希望摆脱债务吗？您是否计划为您的退休储蓄一个目标金额？这个目标金额是否足以让您退休？您需要为孩子的教育做计划吗？了解目标有助于决定您需要挣多少钱和存多少钱。
制定预算并坚持下去——我在上面提到过，改善个人财务状况需要纪律。为了实现财务目标，您可能不得不放弃某些奢侈品，并小心花钱。不要动摇你的承诺。最终，您将收获您的牺牲带来的好处。
Save judiciously – Savings are an important part of every person’s financial goal. But the question is, where should you invest? Should you invest in immovable property, shares, deposits, or precious metal? Most financial analysts suggest a combination of 2-3 different investments and savings plans.
Plan for inflation – Inflation is a reality, and its shadow looms larger than ever before due to the Lockdown. According to Statista, the inflation rate in India in 2019 was 4.54%, which means living expenses were 4.54% higher when compared to the year before, which is only set to increase in 2020.
These are some of the things you need to consider when you want to improve your financial health. My advice: Do not hesitate to take the help of a financial advisor! They are experts and can help you get started at the earliest.
为紧急情况预留资金——在制定预算时，一定要考虑到紧急情况，因为它们随时可能发生，而且不会事先通知。我们面临的大封锁就是这样的一个例子。
明智地储蓄——储蓄是每个人财务目标的重要组成部分。但问题是，你应该投资哪里？您应该投资不动产、股票、存款还是贵金属？大多数金融分析师建议结合使用 2-3 种不同的投资和储蓄计划。
通货膨胀计划——通货膨胀是一个现实，由于封锁，它的负面影响比以往任何时候都更大。根据 Statista 的数据，2019 年印度的通货膨胀率为 4.54%，这意味着生活费用比前一年高出 4.54%，而这只会在 2020 年增加。
这些是您想要改善财务状况时需要考虑的一些事项。我的建议：不要犹豫，寻求财务顾问的帮助！他们是专家，可以帮助您尽早开始。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
You need to know where you are right now. Make a budget and calculate the bottom line, is it negative or positive? Just google budget excel and you will find one, just modify it a little bit to be suitable for you need.
Next, the most important thing is to make your bottom line positive. It is very hard to save and invest if you monthly liabilities are more than income. if your bottom line is negative, solve why it is negative and make actions to turn it positive.
For most of us our house (=mortgage) and taxes are highest expenses. A good starting point are these. You can for example compete your mortgage, even 0,1% makes huge sum over the years.
When you have turned your bottom line positive, automate your savings. When you get your check the rule in account automatically transfer this 7% to your broker account. Save first and then spend what is left.
Invest this money to low cost index funds and ETF’s. Start to read books about investing and personal finance, instead watching reality tv. Learn from the best like, Warren Buffett or Tony Robbins.
Set a goal for yourself. Why you are investing? Is it for retirement or something else?
And the most important thing, you need to start today! Not someday.
你需要知道你现在在哪里。制定预算并计算盈亏线，是消极的还是积极的？只需要google budget excel表格，您就会找到你的需求，只需稍微修改一下以适合您的需要。
接下来，最重要的是让你的盈亏线是正的。如果您每月的负债超过收入，就很难储蓄和投资。如果您的盈亏线是负的，请解决负债原因并采取行动将其变为正的。
对于我们大多数人来说，我们的房子（=抵押贷款）和税收是最高的支出。这些是一个很好的起点。例如，您可以竞争抵押贷款，即使是 0.1%，多年来也能赚取巨额资金。
当您的盈亏线转为正数时，将您的储蓄自动化，当您收到支票时，账户规则会自动将这 7% 转移到您的账户。先存钱，再花剩下的钱。
将这笔钱投资于低成本指数基金和 ETF。开始阅读有关投资和个人理财的书籍，而不是看真人秀。向沃伦巴菲特或托尼罗宾斯等最优秀的人学习。
为自己设定一个目标。你为什么要投资？是为了退休还是别的什么？
最重要的是，您需要从今天开始！而不是从某一天。
First of all, you should consider picking up some knowledge on personal financial planning. There are a lot of online materials for you to learn.
In personal financial planing, there are a few major areas everyone of us should know:
Cashflow and Debt Management
The ability to keep your expenses below your income enables you to build up your wealth. The difference will make a huge impact to your financial position. The bigger the differences, the better you will become.
Do up a budget to monitor your spending so that you can control where you spend your money. It will build discipline in personal financial planning.
Create an emergency fund to cater to any unforeseen circumstances (eg. loss of job, medical emergencies etc)
Recognize what is a good debt and a bad debt. A good debt is a debt which you had incurred to purchase an asset (eg. a property, an existing successful business etc) which produces an income or an appreciation in value. A bad debt is one which you borrow for spending (eg. credit cards etc).
首先，你应该考虑学习一些关于个人理财规划的知识。网上有很多资料供你学习。
在个人理财规划中，有几个主要方面是我们每个人都应该知道的：
现金流和债务管理
将支出保持在收入以下的能力使您能够积累财富。收支差额将对您的财务状况产生巨大影响。差额越大，你就会变得越好。
制定预算以监控您的支出，以便您可以控制花钱的地方。它将建立个人财务规划的纪律。
设立应急基金以应对任何不可预见的情况（例如失业、医疗紧急情况等）
认清什么是好债和坏债。良好的债务是您为购买资产（例如财产、现有的成功企业等）而产生的债务，这些资产会产生收入或增值。坏账是您为消费而借入的债务（例如信用卡等）。
Risk Management
Recognize that all of us need financial protection against unforeseen situation. The areas of insurance you should consider are:
Death : In event of our unfortunate demise, we should cancel out our debts and ensure a period of financial stability for our families.
Disabilities : Should we met up with a scenario which we are disabled, we should ensure that our earning capabilities are not compromised. Having a disability income insurance can help us resolve this worry.
Critical Illnesses : We should make sure that if we are diagnosed with any major illnesses (eg. cancer, stroke etc), we have the financial means to tide over the initial period of financial difficulties.
Hospitalization/Medical : A medical insurance can help us pay for any medical expenses incurred.
Personal Accident : Accidents happened any time. Have an adequate plan to take care minor expenses resulted from these occurrences.
Home Contents : In cases of our house being damaged, a Home contents insurance can help to reduce our expenses in repairs.
预留你的税款。
风险管理
应该认识到我们所有人都需要财务保护以应对不可预见的情况。您应该考虑的保险领域是：
死亡：万一我们不幸去世，我们应该取消我们的债务并确保我们的家庭有一段时间的财务稳定。
残疾：如果我们遇到残疾的情况，我们应该确保我们的收入能力不会受到损害。拥有伤残收入保险可以帮助我们解决这个烦恼。
重大疾病：我们应该确保如果我们被诊断出患有任何重大疾病（例如癌症，中风等），我们有经济能力度过初期的经济困难时期。
住院/医疗：医疗保险可以帮助我们支付所产生的任何医疗费用。
人身意外：意外随时发生。有一个适当的计划来处理这些事件造成的小额开支。
家居财物：万一我们的房屋受损，家居财物保险可以帮助减少我们的维修费用。
Use the most suitable types of insurance products to take care of the risks we faced.
Review your insurance needs at least once a year to ensure you are adequately protected.
Investment Planning
Set an obxtive when you plan for investment. The obxtive should be clearly defined. For example, I would like to have $50,000 in 5 years time for the purpose of my son’s college education. Once the obxtive is clear, it is easier to set the strategies for your investment.
Work out the rate of returns required to reach your goal. If it is too aggressive, you might want to adjust your goal or your initial capital.
Create a portfolio of different investment instruments (similar to growing an orchard with different fruit trees which bear fruits of different seasons) to diversify your investments.
房贷：如果遇到不幸的情况，我们的房贷能得到解决就好了。
使用最合适的保险产品类型来应对我们面临的风险。
至少每年检查一次您的保险需求，以确保您得到充分保护。
投资规划
在计划投资时设定一个目标。目标应该明确界定。例如，我希望在 5 年内有 50,000 美元用于我儿子的大学教育。一旦目标明确，就更容易为您的投资制定策略。
计算出达到目标所需的回报率。如果过于激进，您可能需要调整目标或初始资本。
创建一个包含不同投资工具的投资组合（类似于种植不同果树的果园，这些果树会在不同季节结出果实）以分散您的投资。
Retirement Planning
It is never too early to plan for retirement.
Decide on your retirement lifestyle and work out your retirement financial requirements.
Similar to Investment Planning, chart your savings and investments towards your goals.
Monitor and review your progress regularly to keep your strategies on track. Make adjustments when needed.
Estate Planning
Plan for your assets to be distributed according to your wishes and to avoid potential family disputes among family members.
I hope the above address your concerns.
每季度监控和审查您的投资组合，以确保您的投资组合符合市场状况并管理投资风险。
退休规划
为退休做计划永远不嫌早。
决定您的退休生活方式并制定您的退休财务要求。
类似于投资规划，绘制您的储蓄和投资以实现您的目标。
定期监控和审查您的进度，以确保您的策略步入正轨。在需要时进行调整。
遗产规划
规划您的资产按您的意愿分配，避免家庭成员之间潜在的家庭纠纷。
希望以上能解决您的疑虑。
Step 1: Give yourself 30 minutes to change the direction of your finances. Write (do not think) all the ways money comes into your life each month and how much money comes with each job or investments. Remember that what you actually receive in the bank is less than your salary. And then write down all the ways money goes out of your life and how much money for each one. Include everything: Snacks, Netflix, gifts.
This first step is extremely fast and simple, and yet very few people achieve it: When we write everything on paper (or Excel) we face a reality that we sometimes prefer not to face: Usually we do not receive as much money as we think we do, and sometimes the bigger expenses are those little things we each day.
Step 2: Cut out what you should cut out. Look at the budget you have just created: you will see that there are expenses that are not worth it or that you can not afford: Subscxtions you don’t use, daily snacks, big gifts, luxuries you do not need. This month you will start saving as much as you can.
第 1 步：给自己 30 分钟时间来改变财务方向。写下（不要思考）每个月金钱进入你生活的所有方式，以及每份工作或投资带来收益。请记住，您在银行实际收到的款项少于您的薪水。然后写下金钱从你的生活中消失的所有方式，写下及每种方式消费多少钱。包括一切东西：零食、网购、礼物。
第一步非常快速和简单，但很少有人能做到：当我们在纸上（或 Excel）上写下所有内容时，我们面临着一个我们有时不愿面对的现实：通常我们得到的钱并没有我们想象的那么多，有时更大的开支是我们每天做的那些小事。
第二步：停止你应该停止的部分消费。查看您刚刚创建的预算：您会发现有些费用不值得或您负担不起的：您不使用的订阅、日常零食、大礼包、您不需要的奢侈品。这个月你将开始尽可能多地存钱。
Step 4: Have a savings fund. Watch out. Now that you do not spend on luxuries and do not give money to banks, you will have more money. And you will be tempted to buy something big. Don’t do it. You need a savings fund that should be as big as the expenses you have in 3 months. You know why. Because we can lose our jobs suddenly, or because bad times come. (Sorry for being negative, but it’s real) When you have 3 months of saved expenses, financial problems hurt but do not kill.
第 3 步：别再把钱给银行了。信用是这一代最大的骗局之一。那些在财务上取得成功的人都同意这一点：停止向银行借款。银行不会免费给你钱。他们只让您购买无论如何都必须支付的东西，但也会给他们大量的利息。如果你有债务，那就把它作为第一要务来偿还。既然你已经开始自己存钱了，你会发现你可以买任何你想要的东西，而不需要额外的多花钱。
第 4 步：拥有储蓄基金。小心。既然你不去买奢侈品，也不把钱存在银行，你就会有更多的钱。你会被诱惑去买一些大的东西。不要这样做。你需要一个储蓄基金，它应该和你三个月的开支金额一样大。你知道为什么。因为我们可能会突然失业，或者因为时局不佳。（抱歉这是我的消极态度，但这是真的）当你有3个月的储蓄开支时，财务问题会伤害你，但不会致命。