美国，暴力
America, The Violent
译文简介
我所知道的是，暴力的影响会伴随一生。
正文翻译
Decades ago just after college, then living in a low-income neighborhood of Philadelphia, I was mugged three times in less than three months. Once knocked to the ground by a group of attackers wielding knives, once at gunpoint by a man who came up from behind me and pulled out from under his jacket a sawed-off shotgun, and, the third time, well, I began to fight and yell before he was able to pull any weapon out of his bag.
几十年前，我刚刚大学毕业，当时住在费城的一个低收入社区，在不到三个月的时间里我被抢劫了三回。有一次被一群持刀的袭击者击倒在地，有一次被一个从我身后走过来的男人用枪指着，他从夹克下面掏出了一把锯短的霰弹枪，第三次，好吧，我开始抗争，在他从他的包里拿出任何武器之前就大喊大叫。
几十年前，我刚刚大学毕业，当时住在费城的一个低收入社区，在不到三个月的时间里我被抢劫了三回。有一次被一群持刀的袭击者击倒在地，有一次被一个从我身后走过来的男人用枪指着，他从夹克下面掏出了一把锯短的霰弹枪，第三次，好吧，我开始抗争，在他从他的包里拿出任何武器之前就大喊大叫。
After this third incident, I began to seriously imagine buying a gun, carrying it in the streets—and using it if anyone messed with me again. I was on edge. I felt unsafe. I was not going to take it anymore. I was not about to become a vigilante, but I had to do something to lower the threat, even if that answer risked escalation.
在第三次事件之后，我开始认真地考虑是否买一把枪并带着它上街——如果有人再惹我，我就使用它。我很紧张。我感到不安全。我不会再屈服了。我不打算成为一名义务警员，但我必须做些事情来降低威胁，即使这样做有事件升级的风险。
My ultimate decision? I moved away. I had to lessen the daily toll those violent episodes were taking. To this day, I’m still jumpy if I hear footsteps accelerating toward me from behind. (Another physical battle years later with a gang of muggers in New York—grabbing me from behind, covering my mouth so I couldn’t breathe as they searched my pockets, preparing myself for a possible stabbing.)
但我的最终决定是？我搬离了那里。我不得不减少那些暴力事件每天对我造成的伤害。直到今天，如果我听到从后面加速朝我走来的脚步声，我还是会紧张。（多年后在纽约与一帮抢劫犯进行了另一场肉搏——他们从背后抓住了我，捂住了我的嘴，让我无法呼吸，他们搜查了我的口袋，我甚至已经做好了被刺伤的准备。）
但我的最终决定是？我搬离了那里。我不得不减少那些暴力事件每天对我造成的伤害。直到今天，如果我听到从后面加速朝我走来的脚步声，我还是会紧张。（多年后在纽约与一帮抢劫犯进行了另一场肉搏——他们从背后抓住了我，捂住了我的嘴，让我无法呼吸，他们搜查了我的口袋，我甚至已经做好了被刺伤的准备。）
I’m lucky. I was not badly hurt or worse. And I had the resources to move somewhere else. Many people don’t. Likewise, some people make the stronger decision to stay and address the problem in their neighborhood. I was not prepared to do that.
我很幸运。我没有受到过重伤或遇到更糟的情况。而且我有能力搬到其他地方，而很多人没有。同样，有些人会做出更坚定的决定，留下来解决他们在附近遇到的问题。但我不准备那样做。
我很幸运。我没有受到过重伤或遇到更糟的情况。而且我有能力搬到其他地方，而很多人没有。同样，有些人会做出更坚定的决定，留下来解决他们在附近遇到的问题。但我不准备那样做。
The depraved beating and murder of Tyre Nichols demands us to ask—once again—what can be done. Many of you shared your insights to Saturday’s question: Can we ever change our culture of violence? One comment among many powerful responses has caused me pause, asking whether we can rethink the meaning of freedom to include the notion that real freedom must include freedom from violence.
泰尔.尼科尔斯(译注：孟菲斯的黑人男子，遭5名警察围殴致死)被残忍地殴打和谋杀，这再次要求我们问自己能做些什么。尼科尔斯在周六被谋杀:我们能改变我们的暴力文化吗?很多人都分享了自己的见解。在众多回答中，有一条评论让我思虑良久，它问我们是否可以重新思考自由的意义，将真正的自由必须包括免于暴力的自由这一概念纳入其中。
泰尔.尼科尔斯(译注：孟菲斯的黑人男子，遭5名警察围殴致死)被残忍地殴打和谋杀，这再次要求我们问自己能做些什么。尼科尔斯在周六被谋杀:我们能改变我们的暴力文化吗?很多人都分享了自己的见解。在众多回答中，有一条评论让我思虑良久，它问我们是否可以重新思考自由的意义，将真正的自由必须包括免于暴力的自由这一概念纳入其中。
What follows is a brief sampling of data and related observations detailing this culture of violence that defines America. I share it with the recognition of the need for change.
以下是一个简单的数据样本和相关观察，详细描述了美国的暴力文化。我也认识到了变革的必要性。
以下是一个简单的数据样本和相关观察，详细描述了美国的暴力文化。我也认识到了变革的必要性。
Police violence: According to the data gathering of the Mapping Police Violence project, 1,123 people were killed by police in the first 11 months of 2022, with Black people 2.9 times more likely to be killed than white people in the U.S. This includes being fatally shot, as well as a result of the use of chokeholds, batons, tasers or other means.
警察暴力:根据“警察暴力地图”项目的数据收集，在2022年前11个月，有1123人被警察杀害，其中黑人被杀害的可能性是白人的2.9倍。这包括被致命枪击，以及使用勒喉、警棍、泰瑟枪或其他手段的结果。
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警察暴力:根据“警察暴力地图”项目的数据收集，在2022年前11个月，有1123人被警察杀害，其中黑人被杀害的可能性是白人的2.9倍。这包括被致命枪击，以及使用勒喉、警棍、泰瑟枪或其他手段的结果。
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Gun-related deaths: Already in this first month of 2023, the Gun Violence Archive has counted 3,366 gun-related deaths, including homicides, defensive uses and unintentional deaths (1,452) as well as suicides (1,914). And in 2022 overall, there were 44,296 gun-related deaths, including 20,206 homicides, defensive use and unintentional deaths as well as 24,090 suicides. Those numbers included 314 children ages 0-11 and 1,361 teenagers 12-17.
与枪支有关的死亡:在2023年的第一个月，枪支暴力档案已经统计了3366起与枪支有关的死亡，包括谋杀、自卫和意外(1452起)以及自杀(1914起)。在整个2022年，有44296起与枪支有关的死亡事件，包括20206起谋杀、自卫和意外，以及24090起自杀事件。其中包括314名0-11岁的儿童和1361名12-17岁的青少年。
与枪支有关的死亡:在2023年的第一个月，枪支暴力档案已经统计了3366起与枪支有关的死亡，包括谋杀、自卫和意外(1452起)以及自杀(1914起)。在整个2022年，有44296起与枪支有关的死亡事件，包括20206起谋杀、自卫和意外，以及24090起自杀事件。其中包括314名0-11岁的儿童和1361名12-17岁的青少年。
More guns than people: By 2018, Americans owned an estimated 393 million guns, according to a report of the Swiss-based Small Arms Survey, representing 120.5 firearms for every 100 residents. Since then, including in 2020 amid the pandemic, gun sales have increased at a record pace.
枪比人多:根据瑞士轻武器调查的一份报告，截至2018年，美国人拥有约3.93亿支枪，即每100名居民拥有120.5支枪。自那时起，包括疫情期间的2020年，枪支销售以创纪录的速度增长。
枪比人多:根据瑞士轻武器调查的一份报告，截至2018年，美国人拥有约3.93亿支枪，即每100名居民拥有120.5支枪。自那时起，包括疫情期间的2020年，枪支销售以创纪录的速度增长。
Guns at home: Four in 10 U.S. adults say they live in a household with a gun. Republicans and Republican-leaning Independents ae more than twice as likely (44 percent) as Democrats (20 percent) to own a gun. This is according to Pew Research in 2021.
家里有枪:40%的美国成年人说他们家里有枪。共和党人和倾向于共和党的独立人士持有枪支的可能性(44%)是民主党人(20%)的两倍多。这是皮尤研究中心在2021年的数据。
家里有枪:40%的美国成年人说他们家里有枪。共和党人和倾向于共和党的独立人士持有枪支的可能性(44%)是民主党人(20%)的两倍多。这是皮尤研究中心在2021年的数据。
Grasping the big problem: Eight in 10 Black adults say gun violence is a “very big problem.” So do six in 10 Hispanic adults, while Pew Research reports only four in 10 white adults view gun violence similarly. Two-thirds of those living in urban areas see gun violence as a major problem, as compared with half of suburbanites and a third of those living in rural areas.
抓住大问题:80%的黑人成年人认为枪支暴力是一个“非常大的问题”。60%的西班牙裔成年人也认为如此，而皮尤研究中心的报告称，只有40%的白人成年人对枪支暴力持类似看法。三分之二生活在城市地区的人认为枪支暴力是一个主要问题，相比之下，一半的郊区居民和三分之一的农村地区居民认为枪支暴力是一个主要问题。
抓住大问题:80%的黑人成年人认为枪支暴力是一个“非常大的问题”。60%的西班牙裔成年人也认为如此，而皮尤研究中心的报告称，只有40%的白人成年人对枪支暴力持类似看法。三分之二生活在城市地区的人认为枪支暴力是一个主要问题，相比之下，一半的郊区居民和三分之一的农村地区居民认为枪支暴力是一个主要问题。
Mass shootings: No community is immune from the threat, not with mass shootings (four or more people killed or injured) exceeding 600 for each of the last three years. That’s 648 in 2022, 690 in 2021 and 610 in 2022—nearly double the total in previous years documented by the Gun Violence Archive.
大规模枪击事件:没有一个社区能够免受这种威胁，过去三年每年发生的大规模枪击事件(4人或4人以上死亡或受伤)都超过600起。2022年为648起，2021年为690起，2022年为610起，几乎是枪支暴力档案记录的前几年总数的两倍。
大规模枪击事件:没有一个社区能够免受这种威胁，过去三年每年发生的大规模枪击事件(4人或4人以上死亡或受伤)都超过600起。2022年为648起，2021年为690起，2022年为610起，几乎是枪支暴力档案记录的前几年总数的两倍。
As much as all this data represents those directly harmed, it doesn’t begin to show the wider impact for families, friends, neighbors or even strangers who witnessed the carnage. It’s worth noting the remarkably composed comment from Tyre Nichols’ mother, who said she would pray for the five police officers charged with the second-degree murder of her son and their families that they “disgraced”—and who will live out their lives in the shadow of the crimes perpetrated.
尽管所有这些数据都代表了直接受到伤害的人，但它并没有显示出对目睹大屠杀的家人、朋友、邻居甚至陌生人的更广泛影响。值得注意的是，蒂尔.尼科尔斯的母亲发表了非常冷静的评论，她说她会为杀了她儿子而被控二级谋杀的五名警察和他们的家人祈祷，他们将在所犯下罪行的阴影下度过一生。
尽管所有这些数据都代表了直接受到伤害的人，但它并没有显示出对目睹大屠杀的家人、朋友、邻居甚至陌生人的更广泛影响。值得注意的是，蒂尔.尼科尔斯的母亲发表了非常冷静的评论，她说她会为杀了她儿子而被控二级谋杀的五名警察和他们的家人祈祷，他们将在所犯下罪行的阴影下度过一生。
Consider the fact that a reported 332 people were killed or wounded by shootings on K-12 school properties in 2022. Now consider how many tens of thousands of schoolchildren, schoolteachers and staff and families were harmed and even traumatized by having these terrible acts in their midst. When my daughter graduated high school several years ago, she told me she felt grateful that she made it without facing a school shooting.
据报道，2022年全美小学和中学的枪击事件共造成了332人死亡或受伤。现在想想，有成千上万的学生、教师和工作人员及其家庭因这些可怕的行为而受到伤害，甚至受到精神创伤。几年前我女儿高中毕业时，她告诉我，她很庆幸自己没有遭遇校园枪击案。
据报道，2022年全美小学和中学的枪击事件共造成了332人死亡或受伤。现在想想，有成千上万的学生、教师和工作人员及其家庭因这些可怕的行为而受到伤害，甚至受到精神创伤。几年前我女儿高中毕业时，她告诉我，她很庆幸自己没有遭遇校园枪击案。
As the Center for Violence Prevention at Children’s Hospital in Philadelphia notes, “Mass shootings that occur in schools are rare events relative to other gun violence. However, mass casualty events in schools can have a profound impact that pervades every aspect of school, family and community life.”
正如费城儿童医院暴力预防中心指出的那样，“与其他枪支暴力事件相比，发生在学校的大规模枪击事件是罕见的。然而，学校中的大规模伤亡事件可能会产生深远的影响，影响到学校、家庭和社区生活的方方面面。”
正如费城儿童医院暴力预防中心指出的那样，“与其他枪支暴力事件相比，发生在学校的大规模枪击事件是罕见的。然而，学校中的大规模伤亡事件可能会产生深远的影响，影响到学校、家庭和社区生活的方方面面。”
And the broader impacts are also clear, the Center notes, not only at the time of an incident but possibly throughout life:
Children and adolescents exposed to violence are at risk for poor long-term behavioral and mental health outcomes, such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder, regardless of whether they are victims, direct witnesses, or hear about the crime. Research has also shown an association between exposure to violence in childhood and an increased likelihood of experiencing intimate partner violence as an adult.
该中心指出，更广泛的影响也很明显，不仅在事件发生时，而且可能贯穿一生：遭受暴力侵害的儿童和青少年有可能面临长期心理健康状况不佳的风险，如抑郁、焦虑和创伤后应激障碍，无论他们是受害者、直接目击者还是只是听说了犯罪行为。研究还表明，童年接触暴力会导致成年后遭受亲密伴侣暴力的可能性增加。
Children and adolescents exposed to violence are at risk for poor long-term behavioral and mental health outcomes, such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder, regardless of whether they are victims, direct witnesses, or hear about the crime. Research has also shown an association between exposure to violence in childhood and an increased likelihood of experiencing intimate partner violence as an adult.
该中心指出，更广泛的影响也很明显，不仅在事件发生时，而且可能贯穿一生：遭受暴力侵害的儿童和青少年有可能面临长期心理健康状况不佳的风险，如抑郁、焦虑和创伤后应激障碍，无论他们是受害者、直接目击者还是只是听说了犯罪行为。研究还表明，童年接触暴力会导致成年后遭受亲密伴侣暴力的可能性增加。
Bear with me as I share this factual summary from the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion on the impacts of crime and violence. This unit of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services notes the effects can be felt by those who witness these acts directly, indirectly or even hearing about them from other residents. They also cite the disproportion:
The national homicide rate is consistently higher for Black adolescents and young adults than their white counterparts. Low-income neighborhoods are more likely to be affected by crime and property crime than high-income neighborhoods.
请允许我分享疾病预防和健康促进办公室关于犯罪和暴力影响的事实摘要。隶属于美国卫生与公众服务部的这个部门指出，那些直接、间接目睹这些行为的人，甚至从其他居民那里听到这些行为的人，都能感受到这种影响。他们还提到了这种影响的不均衡:在全国范围内，黑人青少年和年轻人的他杀率一直高于白人。低收入社区比高收入社区更容易受到身体犯罪和财产犯罪的影响。
The national homicide rate is consistently higher for Black adolescents and young adults than their white counterparts. Low-income neighborhoods are more likely to be affected by crime and property crime than high-income neighborhoods.
请允许我分享疾病预防和健康促进办公室关于犯罪和暴力影响的事实摘要。隶属于美国卫生与公众服务部的这个部门指出，那些直接、间接目睹这些行为的人，甚至从其他居民那里听到这些行为的人，都能感受到这种影响。他们还提到了这种影响的不均衡:在全国范围内，黑人青少年和年轻人的他杀率一直高于白人。低收入社区比高收入社区更容易受到身体犯罪和财产犯罪的影响。
And what are the types of violence and their consequences?
暴力的类型及其后果是什么?
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暴力的类型及其后果是什么?
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Types of violence include, but are not limited to, child abuse and neglect, firearm violence, intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and elder abuse. In addition to the potential for death, disability, and other injuries, people who survive violent crime endure physical pain and suffering and may also experience mental distress and reduced quality of life. Specific examples of detrimental health effects from exposure to violence and crime include asthma, hypertension, cancer, stroke, and mental disorders.
暴力类型包括但不限于虐待儿童和忽视儿童、枪支暴力、亲密伴侣暴力、性暴力和虐待老人。除了死亡、残疾和其他伤害的可能性之外，暴力犯罪幸存者还要忍受身体上的痛苦和折磨，还可能经历精神上的痛苦和生活质量的下降。接触暴力和犯罪对健康造成有害影响的具体例子包括哮喘、高血压、癌症、中风和精神障碍。
暴力类型包括但不限于虐待儿童和忽视儿童、枪支暴力、亲密伴侣暴力、性暴力和虐待老人。除了死亡、残疾和其他伤害的可能性之外，暴力犯罪幸存者还要忍受身体上的痛苦和折磨，还可能经历精神上的痛苦和生活质量的下降。接触暴力和犯罪对健康造成有害影响的具体例子包括哮喘、高血压、癌症、中风和精神障碍。
Looking in from the outside, BBC News reported last week on the reality and consequences of gun violence in America, noting that 79 percent of the killings are gun-related in contrast to 4 percent in the U.K. The story also cites an October 2022 Gallup poll that found 57 percent of Americans want stricter gun laws versus 32 percent who prefer gun laws kept as they are.
BBC新闻上周报道了美国枪支暴力的现实和后果，指出79%的杀戮与枪支有关，而英国只有4%。该报道还引用了2022年10月的盖洛普民意调查，57%的美国人希望更严格的枪支法律，32%的美国人希望保持枪支法律不变。
BBC新闻上周报道了美国枪支暴力的现实和后果，指出79%的杀戮与枪支有关，而英国只有4%。该报道还引用了2022年10月的盖洛普民意调查，57%的美国人希望更严格的枪支法律，32%的美国人希望保持枪支法律不变。
Yet while a 2021 Gallup poll noted that 91 percent of Democrats support stricter gun laws, only 24 percent of Republicans do. The conclusion of BBC News: “Gun violence is a fixture in American life—but the issue is a highly political one, pitting gun control advocates against sectors of the population fiercely protective of their right to bear arms.”
然而，尽管2021年的盖洛普民意调查指出，91%的民主党人支持更严格的枪支法律，但只有24%的共和党人支持。BBC新闻的结论是:“枪支暴力是美国人生活中的常态，但这个问题是一个高度政治化的问题，赞同枪支管制的民众与极力保护自己拥有武器权利的民众之间存在对立。”
然而，尽管2021年的盖洛普民意调查指出，91%的民主党人支持更严格的枪支法律，但只有24%的共和党人支持。BBC新闻的结论是:“枪支暴力是美国人生活中的常态，但这个问题是一个高度政治化的问题，赞同枪支管制的民众与极力保护自己拥有武器权利的民众之间存在对立。”
The scale of the challenge to shift our culture is no small task, especially as long as it’s intertwined with our current political divisions, the obsession with maintaining the 2nd Amendment as a sacrosanct justification for bearing every kind of firearm (including assault rifles).
改变我们的文化所面临的挑战很大，特别是只要它与我们当前的政治分歧交织在一起，就会使第二修正案成为携带各种枪支(包括突击步枪)的神圣理由。
改变我们的文化所面临的挑战很大，特别是只要它与我们当前的政治分歧交织在一起，就会使第二修正案成为携带各种枪支(包括突击步枪)的神圣理由。
Culture change requires confronting the pieces. It means electing leaders dedicated to stricter gun laws, continuing to lessen the power of the gun lobby, seriously rethinking the role of police and policing, expanding the Supreme Court with justices. The effort must also must be about electing more leaders who energetically model empathy and kindness—and for each of us to do the same.
文化变革需要直面各种因素。这意味着领导人应该致力于更严格的枪支法律，继续削弱枪支游说团体的权力，重新认真思考警察的作用，增加最高法院的法官数量。我们还必须努力选出更多积极树立同理心的善良的领导人，我们每个人都要这样做。
文化变革需要直面各种因素。这意味着领导人应该致力于更严格的枪支法律，继续削弱枪支游说团体的权力，重新认真思考警察的作用，增加最高法院的法官数量。我们还必须努力选出更多积极树立同理心的善良的领导人，我们每个人都要这样做。
But this is just the beginning of what a shift in mindset entails, recognizing the historical nature of American myth-making around gun violence in the Old West, the bloody history of Western expansion and the genocide of Native Americans, and America made clear by defense spending that exceeds the next nine countries combined.
但这只是观念转变的开始，我们还要认识到关于美国旧西部枪支暴力的传奇故事的历史性质，了解西部扩张的血腥历史和对印第安人的种族灭绝，以及认识到美国的国防开支超过了其后九个国家的总和。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
但这只是观念转变的开始，我们还要认识到关于美国旧西部枪支暴力的传奇故事的历史性质，了解西部扩张的血腥历史和对印第安人的种族灭绝，以及认识到美国的国防开支超过了其后九个国家的总和。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
What I do know is the impact of violence is carried for a lifetime. My wife will tell you that, even during my trip to New York City this month, walking in a relatively safe neighborhood, she noticed that I was looking around skeptically at the people coming up behind us. I didn’t realize it; the ripple effects never fully disappear.
我所知道的是，暴力的影响会伴随一生。我妻子会告诉你，即使在我这个月去纽约旅行的时候，走在一个相对安全的街区，她也注意到我怀疑地环顾四周，关注着我们身后的人。我没有意识到：这种连锁反应永远不会完全消失。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
我所知道的是，暴力的影响会伴随一生。我妻子会告诉你，即使在我这个月去纽约旅行的时候，走在一个相对安全的街区，她也注意到我怀疑地环顾四周，关注着我们身后的人。我没有意识到：这种连锁反应永远不会完全消失。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
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As a resident of NYC for 25 years, and during the height of the crack and crime epidemic, I can confirm that the anxiety of being alone on the street never leaves. I was “only” mugged once and burglarized once, and never harmed, but the experience sticks. The fight against crime is indeed a political one. The law-and-order/gun advocacy folks decry “rights” but only as it pertains to theirs. Just like the Confederacy did when justifying its secession.
作为一个在纽约居住了25年的居民，在毒品和犯罪流行的高峰期，我可以肯定，独自一人在街上行走的焦虑从未消失过。我“只”被抢劫过一次，被盗窃过一次，没有受到人身伤害，但这种经历让我印象深刻。打击犯罪确实是一个政治问题。拥护枪支的人谴责"权利"，因为这与他们的利益有关。就像南方联盟在为其分裂行为辩护时一样。
Steven, you have encapsulated the depth of violence in America, admirably. It permeates every level of society, with some disproportionately affected, but with everyone potentially at risk. I reflect often on how it reached this point, and my conclusion is acceptance. While heredity and environment influence behaviour, the toxicity of opposing political camps plays out before our eyes, every day. We remember how well TFG Trump capitalised with his fear-mongering platform of 'them against us'. He used threat stimulus such as caravans of invading immigrants as bait, in order to trigger fear. This quote by Martin Luther King, Jr. resonates with me: 'Violence is never the answer, until it's the only answer.' That is where we seem to be today, on the precipice of self-destruction.
史蒂文，你很好地描述了美国暴力的严重程度。它已经渗透到了社会的各个阶层，其中一些人受到的影响尤为严重，而且每个人都有潜在的风险。我经常反思美国是如何走到这一步的，我的结论是接受。虽然遗传和环境会影响行为，但对立的政治阵营的毒瘤每天都在我们眼前上演。我们记得特朗普总统是如何充分利用他散布恐惧的“他们反对我们”的平台的。他利用移民大篷车等威胁作为诱饵，以引发人们的恐惧。马丁.路德.金的这句话引起了我的共鸣:“暴力永远不是答案，除非它是唯一的答案。”这似乎就是我们今天所处的境地，美国正处于自我毁灭的边缘。
And you are a man -imagine the horror of women having to park a car on a city street and fear violence and rape, every single time we go out at night. I once praised a male photographer friend’s night photography-he asked “why don’t you go out at night” I said “women can’t.”
至少你还是一个男人——想象一下，每当我们女人晚上外出时，由于害怕暴力和被强奸，不得不把车停在城市的街道上。我曾经称赞过一位男性摄影师朋友的夜间摄影，他问“你为什么不晚上出去”，我说“女人晚上不能出去”。
One thing I noticed in my life is that the culture of violence can affect us in ways we don’t really want. The most peaceful person if pushed enough can counter with a mentality of self defense, not only for themselves but for loved ones, justifying in their minds more violence and thinking of some people as subhuman. It is an easy and understandable pit one can find themselves in and It can happen to any of us. Maybe if more people were aware of this, they could react better when finding themselves in a similar situation. Our society shouldn’t close their eyes about this but meet this challenge head-on.
我在生活中注意到的一件事是，暴力文化会以我们不希望的方式影响我们。即使是最平和的人，如果被逼到一定程度，也会用一种自卫的心态来反击，不仅是为了自己，也为了所爱的人，他们会在脑海中为更多的暴力行为辩护，并认为一些人是次等人。这是一个简单易懂的陷阱，人们可能会发现自己身处其中，而且它可能发生在我们任何人身上。也许如果更多的人意识到这一点，当他们发现自己处于类似的情境时，他们就能做出更好的反应。我们的社会不应该对此视而不见，而应该直面这一挑战。
Generally speaking, we are not a trauma-informed society. There are studies called 'Adverse Childhood Effects' (ACE) that show a correlation between traumatic incidents for children growing up and their predisposition for adult trauma, mental illness, violent relationships, and addiction. There are studies that show a direct correlation between trauma and addiction. For people who experienced childhood trauma, a violent encounter or hearing about one, can result in Complex-PTSD later on -the early childhood trauma predisposed the adult to PTSD!
一般来说，我们的社会并不是一个充满创伤的社会。但有一项名为“儿童不良影响”的研究表明，儿童在成长过程中受到创伤与他们成年后患上精神疾病、暴力成瘾之间存在相关性。有研究表明创伤和成瘾之间有直接的联系。对于那些经历过童年创伤的人来说，一次暴力遭遇或听说过暴力事件，可能会导致复杂的创伤后应激障碍——经历过创伤事件的儿童比成年人更容易患上创伤后应激障碍!
As a woman I understand fearfulness especially at night; however, I can and never will know the terror of Black and Latino persons just going about their lives every day!
In no way am I trying to blame any one thing because this issue is so incredibly complex. I watched last night as football players piled on each other with fists raised punching each other and piling on in anger; I felt anxious and wondered if this response (us vs them) mirrored our culture or was a result of our culture. That led me to think back to my childhood and remembering comic books with “violence” in them In no way do these compare to the violence depicted on video games today! Of course, other cultures have these as well--so it boils down to guns! Not pretend pop guns! Real guns! Real violence! Wondering if someday with kinder gentler people the second amendment might be amended away?
作为一个女人，我理解人们的恐惧，尤其是在晚上，然而，我不能也永远不会知道黑人和拉丁裔人每天过着的生活有多恐怖!我绝不想责怪任何一个人，因为这个问题是如此地复杂。昨晚，我看到足球运动员们举起拳头互相捶打，愤怒地挤在一起;我感到焦虑，不知道这种行为是否反映了我们的文化，或者是受我们文化影响的结果。这让我想起了我的童年，想起了带有“暴力”标签的漫画书！但它仍无法与今天电子游戏中所描绘的暴力相提并论!当然，其他国家的文化也有这些——即枪支!不是玩具枪，而是真正的枪，真正的暴力!我想知道如果有一天有更善良、更温和的领导人出现，第二修正案能否会被修改?
It would take not only legal reversals but cultural and societal reversals or maybe just growth that will take a generation or more. I will not be alive to see it and I sincerely, dearly hope it happens. If I were a citizen of another country thinking about visiting the US, I would not do it. I would fear for my life coming here. I fear for my life living here. I live near San Francisco but rarely go there anymore; due to COVID but also crime. It doesn’t help I know but my fear keeps me home or within 20 miles of home anyway. I grew up in the Chicago area and my family there has mostly moved out of the city after living there and enjoying it for years. They don’t feel safe walking in their neighborhood or along the lake or the river. I don’t know what else I can do but vote for people and measures that I think will make a difference.
这不仅需要法律上的逆转，还需要文化和社会上的逆转，或者可能需要一代人或更长的时间才能实现。我不能活着看到它发生，但我真诚地，衷心地希望它发生。如果我是另一个国家的公民，想去美国旅游，我是不会去的。我来这里会担心我的生命安全。我担心住在这里会有生命危险。我住在旧金山附近，但现在很少外出;因为有新冠疫情，还有犯罪。我知道这无济于事，但我的恐惧让我呆在家里，或者离家20英里以内。我在芝加哥地区长大，我的家人在那里生活了多年后，大部分人都搬走了，因为他们觉得在自己的社区或沿着湖泊或河流行走不安全。我不知道我还能做什么，只能投票给那些我认为会产生正面影响的人和措施。
I am now 74 years old and I have noticed in myself the creeping fear rising in me especially at night. I lock and recheck the doors in my home to assure myself of some relative safety.
When a younger man I felt impervious to attack from another male since I had a stronger body and a sharp mind. I carried that confidence around my interactions with others like a cloak of fearlessness.
I have not felt that similar strength going on 10 years now. It is disconcerting to say the least.
我现在74岁了，我注意到自己心里升起一股令人毛骨悚然的恐惧，尤其是在晚上。我总会把家里的门锁上并反复检查，以确保自己相对安全。当我还是个年轻人的时候，我觉得自己不会受到其他男性的攻击，因为我有更强壮的身体和敏锐的头脑。我带着这种自信与他人交流，就像穿着一件无畏的斗篷。但我已经有10年没有感受到类似的力量了。退一步说，这很令人不安。
Frankly, I don’t see this so much as a culture change problem as a political problem, at least in the short-to-medium term. Changing culture will require generations. Changing laws requires only enough electeds willing and motivated to do so. We have plenty of examples of good laws that have made a big difference in gun violence. When we elect sensible people and “incentivize” them (by way of the normal means in politics, like lobbying and donations, etc.) we can get very significant safety regulations.
We challenge here is to win more political fights for the continuing CIVILization of our nation. As in all fights, mostly what this takes is courage, discipline, and lots of resources in the form of money and “supplies” (enabling public health research on gun violence, etc).
This fight is just part of the overall fight we are in right now for the future of our nation as a Republic of laws and a nation built on enabling the best of human agency through the “live-and-let-live” and pioneering foundation of e pluribus unum.
坦率地说，我认为这与其说是一个文化变革问题，不如说是一个政治问题，至少在中短期内是这样。改变文化需要几代人的努力。改变法律只需要足够多的选民愿意并有动力这样做就可以了。我们有很多颁布好的法律的例子，这些法律对枪支暴力产生了重大影响。当我们选出明智的人，并“激励”他们(通过政治上的正常手段，如游说和捐款等)时，我们可以得到非常好的安全法规。我们在这里面临的挑战是赢得更多的政治斗争，以延续我们民族的文明。与所有战斗一样，这主要需要的是勇气、纪律和大量以金钱和“物资”形式存在的资源(支持对枪支暴力等进行公共卫生研究)。这场斗争只是我们现在为我们国家的未来而进行的全面斗争的一部分，我们的国家是一个法治共和国，是一个建立在“共生共存”和“合众为一”的基础上的能发挥人类最佳能动性的开拓性国家。