QA问答：是什么让美国成为了一个成功的国家？
What makes America a successful country?
译文简介
网友：没有经历真正血腥的战争——美国在世界其他地方参与战争。这与大多数欧洲国家所经历的截然不同，血腥的战争会消灭了大部分人口和经济。不变的制度——一些国家经历了几次系统性的变革和革命......
正文翻译
是什么让美国成为了一个成功的国家？
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Slavery - any country which had slaves, or any similar cheap labour, is ahead of those who didn't. South Africa Apartheid is another example, making South Africa much richer than most African countries.
Lack of really bloody wars - USA participates in wars in other locations. This is very different from what most European countries experienced - bloody wars exterminating large percentages of population and economy.
Consistent system - some countries went through several systemic changes and revolutions, from monarchy, to communism, to transition, to capilaist democracy. USA has a single system for most of its life which allows accumlation of capital and know-how.
Immigrants - USA gets the best immigrants. The most talented and driven people don't go to China or Switzerland, but to USA, to do whatever they want to do. If someone wants to be the best in something eventually they must immigrate to USA.
Business support - USA is a horrible place to be an employee but the best place to be an entrepreneur. It is a country designed to make products and sell them to hundreds of millions. No other country can compare. Try selling with such efficiency in Argentina or Russia. Also there is an enormous range of business services for all needs.
奴隶制——任何拥有奴隶或任何类似廉价劳动力的国家都领先于那些没有奴隶的国家。南非种族隔离是另一个例子，它使南非比大多数非洲国家富裕得多。
没有经历真正血腥的战争——美国在世界其他地方参与战争。这与大多数欧洲国家所经历的截然不同，血腥的战争会消灭了大部分人口和经济。
不变的制度——一些国家经历了几次系统性的变革和革命，从君主制到共产主义，再过渡，再到资本主义民主，美国在其生命的大部分时间里都是一个单一的系统，允许资本和专门知识的积累。
移民——美国有世界上最好的移民。最有才华和最有动力的人不会去中国或瑞士，而是去美国，做他们想做的事。如果有人想在某件事上做到最好，他们最终必须移民到美国。
商业支持——美国是一个对员工来说非常可怕的地方，但却是成为企业家的最佳地方。它是一个旨在制造产品并将其出售给数亿人的国家，没有其他国家可以比拟。试着在阿根廷或俄罗斯进行如此高效的销售，此外，还有满足所有需求的大量商业服务。
A democratic system that has been quite stable for more than 220 years, except for a couple of years during the civil war. Very few nations had such a long period of domestic stability.
A strong culture of innovation and creativity. Slightly open immigration, top class universities and a tradition of entrepreneurship has kept US in the cutting edge of technology for over 120 years.
A large nation with a good chunk of it is habitable. Majority of Russia is uninhabited. China has massive deserts and Brazil has a big portion of rain forests.
Large level of domestic resources. Like the other big nations, US has a large amount of natural resources - oil and food. US discovered crude oil and is the biggest producer of food. By being more self-sufficient than say Japan, US can produce a more aggressive trade policy that is less defensive.
Using the language of international business. British Empire made English as the predominant language of the globe and US has helped continue the trend with a strong feedback loop.
No major domestic threat. Other countries in the Americas are neither that hostile nor powerful to threaten the US. Except for Pearl Harbor and 9/11, US territory was never attacked in a big way in centuries. The oceans act as a buffer from other powers. Countries in Asia and Europe often have to deal with hostile neighbors who are ready to war anytime.
这个民主制度在220多年来一直相当稳定，除了内战期间的几年。很少有国家有如此长时间的国内稳定。
强大的创新和创造力文化。120 多年来，略微开放的移民政策、一流大学和创业传统使美国始终处于技术前沿。
拥有的大部分土地是宜居的。俄罗斯大部分地区无人居住，中国有大片沙漠，巴西有很大一部分雨林。
国内资源量大。与其他大国一样，美国拥有大量的自然资源——石油和食品。美国发现了原油，是最大的食品生产国。通过比日本更自给自足，美国可以制定更具侵略性、防御性更低的贸易政策。
使用国际商务语言。大英帝国使英语成为全球的主要语言，而美国通过强大的反馈循环帮助延续了这一趋势。
没有重大的国内威胁。美洲其他国家对美国的威胁既不是敌对的，也不是强大的。除了珍珠港事件和911事件，几个世纪以来，美国领土从未受到过大规模袭击。海洋充当其他大国的缓冲带。亚洲和欧洲国家经常要与随时准备开战的敌对邻国打交道。
Secular, representative government.Civil rights including gender equalty.Rule of law.Respect for private property.Enormous natural resources.Huge agricultural resources and production.
Diverse population created by attracting both low-wage immigrant labor and high-performing immigrants.No big wars fought inside the US since the Civil war, acknowledging but not including the attack on Pearl Harbor and Islamist terrorist attacks.
Capitalistic, competitive economic system that creates innovation and permits a meritocracy to develop.Generous social safety nets capable of sustaining impoverished citizens and their children and restoring unfortunate citizens to productivity.
Excellent infrastructure.
Very low levels of government corruption.Free education and high levels of literacy.“Puritan” work ethic.Huge, prosperous and politically powerful middle class…That is currently under threat due to the growing ‘wealth gap”.
世俗的，代议制政府。包括性别平等在内的公民权利。法治。尊重私有财产。丰富的自然资源。农业资源丰富，产量大。通过吸引低工资移民劳动力和高绩效移民创造了多样化的人口。自内战以来，美国境内没有发生过大规模的战争，承认但不包括珍珠港袭击和伊斯兰恐怖袭击。
资本主义的、竞争性的经济体系，它创造了创新并允许精英制度的发展。慷慨的社会安全网能够维持贫困公民及其子女的生存，并使不幸的公民恢复生产力。优良的基础设施。政府腐败程度极低。免费的教育和高水平的识字率。“清教徒”的职业道德，庞大、繁荣和政治上强大的中产阶级……由于“贫富差距”不断扩大，目前正面临威胁。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
The US has abundant natural resources, and a capitalist economic system that encourages entrepreneurial actions. This is why the US is “the land of opportunity”.
美国拥有丰富的自然资源，以及鼓励创业的资本主义经济体系。这就是为什么美国是“机遇之地”。
I have traveled through the USA and Europe and lived in the USA for a couple of years. Here is my two cents worth.
Europe had a rigid class system. The vast majority of its citizens could not advance as they could not obtain an education and there were significant barriers place in the way. Thus, they came to America. Many of Europe’s “scum”, had names like Ford, Edison, Carnegie, Durant, etc; In America, they were accepted, and they and their descendants could flourish. When downtrodden peasants landed in America, given a chance, they went on and built prosperous farms and factories. That class system still exists in some form even today. Unfortunately, many say it is emerging in the US.
As well, America is a strangely tolerant society. While one can point to racism, at another level, eccentricity is tolerated and in some circles accepted. Someone as crazy as Steve Jobs (I did read his biography) would have had an impossible time in Europe or even Canada
我去过美国和欧洲，在美国生活了几年。这是我的看法。
欧洲有严格的阶级制度，绝大多数公民无法进步，因为他们无法接受教育，并且在前进的道路上存在重大障碍，于是，他们来到了美国。欧洲的很多“废柴”，像福特、爱迪生、卡耐基、杜兰特等名字；在美国，他们被接受，他们和他们的后代可以蓬勃发展。
当在欧洲受压迫的农民登陆美国时，只要有机会，他们就会继续建造繁荣的农场和工厂，即使在今天，这种阶级制度仍然以某种形式存在，不幸的是，许多人说是美国正在兴起。
同样，美国是一个异常宽容的社会。虽然有人可以指出种族主义，但在另一个层面上，古怪是可以容忍的，并且在某些圈子中是可以接受的。像史蒂夫·乔布斯这样疯狂的人（我确实读过他的传记）在欧洲甚至加拿大是不可能成功的。
This innovation has been manifest not only in industry and technology, but, culture. Perhaps Black Americans have played such an incredible role here because they faced barriers elsewhere. Jazz, rock and roll and rap, which define so much of contemporary world culture came from Black Americans.I believe that this is the unique strength of America and its greatest hope.
文化是一个很难定义的东西，然而，美国人非常个人主义，并且认为自己与社会、“集体”或政府的联系比几乎任何人都少。在美国，你是一个独立的个体，可以创造或破坏你自己的生活。你对社会的义务和社会欠你的东西比加拿大或欧洲要弱得多。这导致了这种相当奇怪的容忍度。它还导致以不同的方式做事的开放性。这是因为美国人期望人们，作为个人可以自由地做他们选择改善自己的事情，自然会创新，看看美国人的发明与其他人相比。
这种创新不仅体现在工业和技术上，还体现在文化上。也许美国黑人在这里扮演了如此令人难以置信的角色，因为他们在其他地方也面临着障碍。但是爵士乐、摇滚乐和说唱，定义了当代世界文化的大部分，都来自美国黑人。
我相信这是美国的独特力量和成功的原因。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Their values. There is no perfect country in the world, but the USA since the beginning of their time, they embraced democracy. Perhaps democracy is not a perfect system, but definetely it worked well in the United States. Which was a white canvas ready to be formed as it differs from the old powers in Europe like Spain, the UK, France and others. As a matter of fact, France had their revolution but it wasn’t democratic at all, then Napoleon took over and we know how that went. Spain after losing their last north american territories (against the US) started their own process, having 2 republics and a fascist dictatorship before becoming democratic. I don’t need to remind anybody how Germany went during the first and second world war.
Some may say that the US back then was not democratic for all, as african slaves descendants didn’t have the same rights as european descendants, and that is true, but democracy always evolve, and all citizens have pretty much the same rights today, to the point that when injustice is commited, they will be always people ready to “fight and protest” against that. (We can see that when Geroge Floyd was killed by a policeman not long ago) Pretty much all West (with some exceptions) have evolved in the same way during the past century. That includes part of Latin America as well.
Isolated land. Who is going to attack the US? All wars going on in Europe, and all getting affected due to proximity. The US was out of that.
他们的价值观。世界上没有完美的国家，但美国从一开始就拥护民主。也许民主不是一个完美的制度，但它在美国确实运作良好。它不同于西班牙、英国、法国等欧洲的旧势力。事实上，法国有他们的革命，但它根本不是民主的，然后拿破仑接管了，我们知道那是怎么回事。西班牙在失去最后一个北美领土（对抗美国）后开始了自己的进程，在成为民主国家之前拥有两个共和国和一个法西斯独裁政权，我不需要提醒任何人德国在第一次和第二次世界大战期间的表现。
有人可能会说，当时的美国并不民主，因为非洲奴隶后裔没有与欧洲后裔相同的权利，这是事实，但民主总是在发展，今天所有公民都拥有几乎相同的权利，以至于当不公正发生时，他们将永远是准备“战斗和抗议”的人。（我们可以看到不久前乔治·弗洛伊德被一名警察杀死时人们的表现）在过去的一个世纪中，几乎所有西方国家（除了一些例外）都以相同的方式发展。这也包括拉丁美洲的部分地区。
孤立的土地。谁可以攻击美国？所有的战争都在欧洲进行，并且都因邻近而受到影响，美国却不担心这个。
World War II left Europe without their factories, production, and pretty much everything to re do again. The US took advantage of that situation to position not only as the number 1 economy in the world by far, but also as the number 1 military power. Not much competition back then. Even helped Europe to rise and re built.
The United States is a great country. I like their values and what the country stands for, it doesn’t mean they are perfect internally and especially externally with their global affairs. But no one is.
土地丰富/人口不多。想象一下，拥有一大片土地而没有多少人口就不会为获得所有财富而战。例如，与人口较多的拉丁美洲（他们的邻国）相比，这些国家在庞大的土著/混血儿人口与欧洲后裔精英之间仍然存在种族紧张关系。在美国则完全相反，土著人只占人口的一小部分，而欧洲后裔占多数。然而，针对其他重要少数族裔的种族紧张局势，尤其是非洲后裔，在某种程度上与西班牙裔相比则较少。作为一个不住在美国的西班牙裔，如果我们将美国的内部种族紧张局势与美洲其他任何国家发生的种族紧张局势进行比较，它们不仅不同，而且在美国的包容性也低得多。
第二次世界大战使欧洲失去了工厂、生产和几乎所有需要重新做的事情。美国利用这种情况，不仅将其定位为迄今为止世界第一大经济体，而且定位为第一大军事强国，那时候竞争不大，甚至帮助欧洲崛起和重建。
美国是一个伟大的国家。我喜欢他们的价值观和这个国家所代表的东西，这并不意味着他们在内部，尤其是在全球事务方面是完美的，没有人是完美的。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
The US was one of the earliest democratic republics to emerge after the beginning of the scientific age (16th century) which makes it attractive to all types of immigrants including scientist and engineers from around the world
The US has the third largest population on Earth (326 million people) which inherently enables Americans to produce more educated workers and scientist and engineers than most other countries
The US is one of the most ethnically diverse countries on Earth which enhances innovation and makes it even more attractive for immigrants, including scientist and engineers, from a variety of nations who want to live and work in the United States.
The US has the third largest geographical land area of any nation on Earth— with all of its vast resources
The US has control over the 2nd largest area of territorial waters on Earth— with all of its vast resources
The US mainland is protected by two great oceans with a friendly land nation to the north (Canada) with its relatively tiny population and an economically weak but friendly territorial country to the south (Mexico) also with a much smaller population.
Freedom and democracy combined with America’s enormous population, ethnic diversity, and vast geographical land and sea resources makes it pretty easy for the US to be economically successful— no matter how badly and inefficiently its run!
美国是科学时代（16世纪）开始后最早出现的民主共和国之一，这使其对包括来自世界各地的科学家和工程师在内的所有类型的移民都具有吸引力。
美国拥有地球上第三大人口（3.26亿人），这本质上使美国人能够生产出比大多数其他国家更多的受过教育的工人、科学家和工程师。
美国是地球上种族最多元化的国家之一，它加强了创新，使其对来自不同国家的希望在美国生活和工作的移民（包括科学家和工程师）更具吸引力。
美国拥有地球上所有国家中第三大地理土地面积——拥有所有丰富的资源。
美国控制着地球上第二大领海区域——拥有丰富的资源。
美国大陆受到两大洋的保护，北部是一个友好的陆地国家（加拿大），人口相对较少，南部是一个经济薄弱但友好的领土国家（墨西哥），人口也少得多。
自由和民主与美国庞大的人口、种族多样性以及广阔的地理面积和海洋资源相结合，使美国很容易在经济上取得成功——不管它的运作多么糟糕和低效！
In 1790, our forefathers rarified a document that specified our style of government… and more importantly, exactly how much power it would have over the people. They felt pretty strongly about individual rights and restricted how much the government could take away. A lot of people pay attention to the First and Second Amendments but the Fourth prevents the police from kicking down my door and looking for something… without a reason, most often approved by a judge. The Fifth gives me the right to a trial before having my rights chilled or taken away.
In a nutshell, in the US, we have the Freedom to Fail. If you want to study engineering and work for a large company, you can do that. If you want to learn to weld and work for yourself, you can do that too. If you want to study basketweaving and get a job as a waiter, knock yourself out. If you want to be a serial entrepreneur and fail at your first six businesses and find an itch that the public is willing to pay you to scratch on the seventh, you can do that too.
1790 年，我们的祖先起草了一份文件，详细说明了我们的政府风格……更重要的是，它告诉了人民有多大的权力。他们对个人权利感觉非常强烈，并限制了政府可以剥夺的东西。很多人都关注第一修正案和第二修正案，但第四修正案阻止警察踢我的门并寻找东西……没有理由，通常由法官批准。第五项赋予了我在我的权利被冷却或剥夺之前接受审判的权利。。
简而言之，在美国，我们有失败的自由。如果你想学习工程学并为一家大公司工作，你可以这样做。如果您想学习焊接并为自己工作，您也可以这样做。如果你想学习编织篮子并找到一份服务性的工作，那就动手吧。如果你想成为一名创业者，并且在前六项业务中失败，并在第七项业务中发现公众愿意付钱让你从头开始，那么你也可以这样做。
I'm a bit of an optimist. I see a United States that has done more right than wrong. Are there folks who hate our president? Sure. Our previous president reminded us that “elections have consequences” but I'd like to think that we're far greater than our leaders. In fact, unlike the monarchies of Europe, where the Nation is defined by over whom the monarch reigns, our leaders are servants of the people.
我们有黑暗的历史吗？当然。我们已经将奴隶制合法化了……有些人想把它带回来，声称某人有权获得另一个人的劳动（整个医疗保健是正确的）。我们虐待当地人了吗？绝对地。吉姆克劳法是否不道德和不公正（甚至违宪）？完全正确。
我有点乐观。我看到美国做的对多于错。有人讨厌我们的总统吗？当然。我们的前任总统提醒我们“选举会产生后果”，但我想认为我们比我们的领导人要伟大得多。事实上，与欧洲的君主政体不同，国家由君主统治的人来定义，我们的领导人是人民的仆人。
The US is successful to the extent, we have the strongest economy in the world with less than 5% of the world population. It was an experiment that allowed people from all over the world to settle here. In that way, the US is unique. The people of this country invented many things that are now produced and used in most countries, and that includes electricity, cars, airplanes, and high tech.
Apple, located in Cupertino, CA, is a good example of American ingenuity. They are the most successful company in the world, worth $3T: They’re worth more than 96% of countries.As a young country, we have some of the worlds best colleges and universities. Most heard of Harvard, Yale, Stanford, MIT, Uni of Chicago, and many others. Many students from around the world come to the US for their education.The US also attracts the best and brightest from around the world, because they know about our freedoms and opportunities not available in most other countries. This will allow the US to remain on the top of the mountain for many more generations.
美国在某种程度上是成功的，我们拥有世界上最强大的经济体，人口不到世界的5%。这是一个让世界各地的人们在这里定居的好地方。这样一来，美国就是独一无二的，这个国家的人民发明了许多现在在大多数国家生产和使用的东西，包括电力、汽车、飞机和高科技。
位于加利福尼亚的苹果公司是美国独创性的一个很好的例子，他们是世界上最成功的公司，价值非常高：他们的价值超过96%的国家。
作为一个年轻的国家，我们拥有一些世界上最好的学院和大学。大多数人听说过哈佛、耶鲁、斯坦福、麻省理工、芝加哥大学等，许多来自世界各地的学生来到美国接受教育。
美国还吸引了世界各地最优秀和最聪明的人，因为他们了解我们在大多数其他国家所没有的自由和机会，这将使美国还能够在顶端上停留几代人的时间。
It’s worth noting as well that, at the end of World War II, the United States was the only unwrecked major power on earth. Great Britain was bankrupt and much of her industry was in ruins from German bombing. France’s economy and society were horrendously disrupted by German occupation and much of her industry in the north had been inevitably devastated by the struggle to expel the Wehrmacht starting in 1944. Germany and Japan were, of course, in ruins. The USSR had lost 20 million people and her cities were devastated. China had lost 15–20 million people as direct and indirect results of the Japanese invasion.
By contrast, the United States had suffered no attacks on her own soil (other than Pearl Harbor), and had lost “only” 450,000 American dead out of a population of 140 million. In the immediate postwar period, American factories were producing half of the world's manufactured goods, because its factories hadn't been mostly destroyed. America accounted for 90% of the world's invested capital, because her people and corporations actually had capital to invest. And the highest marginal tax rate during the Eisenhower era - the amazing Fifties decade that people still romanticize - was 90% (MUCH higher than it is now).
So basically, the United States had a massive economic advantage over the other major powers of the world during the postwar period that lasted for over a decade and has been largely responsible for her ongoing status to this day.
值得一提的是，二战结束时，美国是地球上唯一完好无损的大国。英国破产了，她的大部分工业都因德国轰炸而毁于一旦。1944年开始的驱逐德国的斗争不可避免地摧毁了法国的经济和社会。德国和日本当然是一片废墟。苏联失去了2000万人，她的城市遭到破坏。作为日本入侵的直接和间接结果，中国损失了1500-2000万人。
相比之下，美国在自己的领土上（珍珠港除外）没有遭受袭击，在1.4亿人口中“仅”失去了45万美国人。在战后不久，美国工厂生产了世界一半的制成品，因为它的工厂大部分都没有被摧毁。美国占世界投资资本的90%，因为她的人民和公司实际上有资本可以投资。在艾森豪威尔时代——人们仍然浪漫化的五十年代——最高的边际税率是90%（比现在高得多）。
所以基本上，在持续了十多年的战后时期，美国相对于世界其他主要大国拥有巨大的经济优势，这在很大程度上是她至今保持地位的原因。