滑铁卢战役后，拿破仑是如何被俘的？
How was Napoleon captured after the Battle of Waterloo?
译文简介
1815年6月18日星期日傍晚7点半左右，拿破仑命令他的军队向挡在他和滑铁卢镇之间的盎格鲁联军发起最后一次绝望的攻击。
正文翻译
How was Napoleon captured after the Battle of Waterloo?
滑铁卢战役后，拿破仑是如何被俘的？
滑铁卢战役后，拿破仑是如何被俘的？
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At around 7:30 in the evening of Sunday, 18 June 1815, Napoléon ordered his army to launch one final, desperate assault on the Anglo-Allied troops who stood between him and the town of Waterloo. His obxtive was to break through Wellington's defences before the growing pressure from the Prussian troops arriving on the battlefield on his right flank grew too much to bear.
The Emperor personally rode alongside his Imperial Guard as its band played patriotic tunes until he was some 500 metres away from the British lines. He then sent them on their way and rode back south to await the results of his attack.
It was an utter failure.
The French troops, including the previously-unbeatable Guard, were hurled back in disarray. Their retreat spread panic among the rest of the army, and soon almost all of them (with the famous exception of the unit commanded by Marshal Cambronne) were fleeing headlong from the battle.
Napoléon himself made a hasty exit, accompanied by a handful of companions and twelve mounted lancers as an escort. He rode south to Quatre-Bras where he hoped to find more troops who might be rallied, but they had also made themselves scarce. The Emperor and his escort therefore rode south through the night, reaching Philippeville by 9:00 am the following morning, having travelled 60 km in twelve hours.
1815年6月18日星期日傍晚7点半左右，拿破仑命令他的军队向挡在他和滑铁卢镇之间的盎格鲁联军发起最后一次绝望的攻击。他的目标是在普鲁士军队从他的右翼抵达战场的压力越来越大之前，突破威灵顿的防线。
皇帝亲自骑马与他的帝国卫队并肩前行，乐队演奏着爱国的曲子，直到他离英军防线约500米远。然后他让他们上路，自己骑马返回南方，等待攻击结果。
这是一次彻底的失败。
法国军队，包括以前不可战胜的近卫军，被打得一片狼藉。他们的撤退在其余的军队中散布了恐慌，很快，几乎所有的军队（除了著名的康布罗纳元帅指挥的部队之外）都从战斗中仓皇逃窜。
拿破仑本人也匆匆离去，身边有几个同伴和12名骑兵作为护卫。他骑马南下到卡特-布拉，希望在那里找到更多可能被召集起来的部队，但这种人也十分稀疏。因此，皇帝和他的护卫队连夜向南骑行，在第二天早上9点到达菲利佩维尔，在12个小时内赶了60公里路。
Napoléon left Paris again on 29 June, just four days before Allied troops under Wellington and Blücher occupied the city. He made for the port of Rochefort in western France, and two frigates of the French navy were put on alx to help him flee the country. However, the British blockade squadron patrolling outside the port would make this problematic.
Napoléon's brother Joseph Bonaparte, the onetime King of Spain, arrived in Rochefort as well, and plans were made for the two of them to escape to the United States. Various schemes were hatched by Napoléon's companions to get the ex-Emperor past the British patrols, including hiding him inside a barrel. Joseph also loyally offered to disguise himself as his brother and make public appearances to draw people's attention while Napoléon escaped wearing a disguise of his own.
Napoléon, however, was not interested in these escape plans, and turned every idea down. He maintained that he would prefer to surrender honourably and place himself under the protection of his captors, rather than try to sneak away and risk getting caught and hauled out of his hiding place in disgrace. He did, however, give his blessing to Joseph to try to escape.
Accordingly, Joseph Bonaparte boarded the ship Commerce under the false name of Bouchard. The ship was stopped and searched no fewer than three times by British patrols, but they failed to detect the fugitive ex-king; and he arrived in New York City on 15 July. He lived in the United States for the next 17 years, initially supporting himself by selling the Spanish crown jewels, and he became a popular figure in American high society.
两天后的6月21日，拿破仑回到了巴黎。他希望通过召集法国任何地方的剩余部队来组建另一支军队：但他很快就发现这是徒劳的。众议院对他怀有敌意；他以前最忠实的支持者，包括内伊和达武，都转而反对他。6月23日，拿破仑宣布退位，警察部长约瑟夫-福谢成为新的临时政府的首脑。
6月29日，拿破仑再次离开巴黎，此时距离威灵顿和布吕歇尔领导的盟军占领巴黎仅有4天。他前往法国西部的罗什福尔港，法国海军的两艘护卫舰也进入了警戒状态，以帮助他逃离法国。然而，在港口外巡逻的英国封锁中队将使这一行动成为问题。
拿破仑的弟弟约瑟夫-波拿巴，曾经的西班牙国王，也来到了罗什福尔，并计划着让他们两个人逃到美国。拿破仑的同伴们想出了各种办法，包括把他藏在一个木桶里，让这位前皇帝躲过英国的巡逻队。约瑟夫还忠心耿耿地提出将自己伪装成他的兄弟，在公众场合露面以吸引人们的注意，然后拿破仑穿着自己的伪装逃走。
然而，拿破仑对这些逃跑计划不感兴趣，并拒绝了所有的想法。他坚持认为，他宁愿光荣地投降，将自己置于俘虏的保护之下，而不是试图偷偷摸摸地逃跑，冒着被抓然后丢人现眼地被拖出藏身之地的风险。不过，他还是祝福约瑟夫尝试逃跑。
因此，约瑟夫-波拿巴以布沙尔的假名登上了商船。这艘船被英国巡逻队拦截和搜查了不下三次，但他们没有发现这位逃亡的前国王；他于7月15日抵达纽约市。在接下来的17年里，他一直生活在美国，最初靠出售西班牙王冠上的珠宝维持生计，他成为美国上流社会的一个热门人物。
On 10 July, a small French vessel flying a flag of truce approached the British ship-of-the-line HMS Bellerophon (74), the main ship of the Rochefort blockade squadron. It had two high-ranking envoys from the ex-Emperor aboard, and they informed Captain Maitland of the Bellerophon that Napoléon was considering surrender, and wished to discuss terms. They did ask if the British would be willing to let him go openly to the USA, but Maitland informed them that he had orders from his government not to allow this. He would, however, take the Emperor to Britain.
Napoléon thought it over, and eventually agreed to these terms. At 7.00 pm on 14 July his envoy, the Comte de las Casas, returned to the Bellerophon with a letter stating that Napoléon would give himself up to the British the following morning.
At dawn on 15 July Napoléon therefore boarded the brig Épervier and sailed to meet the British blockade squadron. Captain Maitland despatched one of his own own ship's boats to meet the French ship and collect the former Emperor. Napoléon boarded the British battleship at around 6:30 am, and was met by the Royal Marine sentries. He was escorted to the ship's quarterdeck where he took off his hat to the Captain and told him,
Je viens me mettre sous la protection de votre prince et de vos lois
(I come to put myself under the protection of your prince and your laws)
Maitland bowed in response. Just under a month after the Battle of Waterloo, Napoléon had surrendered himself to the British Royal Navy.
然而，对于拿破仑来说，他执行了向盟国投降的决定。他似乎特别决定把自己交给英国人，因为他相信他们会比普鲁士人或奥地利人更好地对待他。
7月10日，一艘挂着休战旗的法国小船接近了英国的贝勒芬号军舰（74），这是罗什福尔封锁中队的主舰。船上有两位前皇帝的高级特使，他们告诉贝勒芬号的船长梅特兰，拿破仑正在考虑投降，并希望讨论条件。他们确实问过英国人是否愿意让他公开去美国，但梅特兰告诉他们，他的政府有命令不允许这样做。不过，他将会带着皇帝去英国。
拿破仑考虑了一下，最终同意了这些条件。7月14日晚7点，他的特使德拉斯-卡萨斯伯爵带着一封信回到了贝勒芬号，信中说拿破仑将在第二天早上向英国人投降。
因此，在7月15日的黎明，拿破仑登上了"埃佩尔维"号双桅船，驶向了英国封锁船队。梅特兰船长派出了自己的一艘船去接应法国船并接回前皇帝。拿破仑在早上6点30分左右登上了英国战舰，并受到了皇家海军陆战队哨兵的迎接。他被护送到船上的四分之一甲板，在那里他向船长脱帽并告诉他。
(我来把自己置于你们的王子和法律的保护之下。）
梅特兰鞠躬以示回应。滑铁卢战役后不到一个月，拿破仑就向英国皇家海军投降了。
However, when the Bellerophon reached port, Maitland was ordered by the Admiralty not to let Napoléon go ashore, and also not to let anyone else on board the ship, until the government had decided what to do with him. At the end of July, after two weeks in limbo, the decision came down: Napoléon was to be sent into exile in St Helena. This bitterly disappointed him; St Helena was even worse than Elba, and he had expected to be allowed to live as an exile in Britain.
On 7 August Napoléon transferred from the Bellerophon to another ship, HMS Northumberland, for the long voyage to the South Atlantic. He set foot on St Helena on 15 October, exactly three months after he had last walked on dry land, back in France.
Napoléon’s last sight of the coast of France from the deck of the Bellerophon on 23 July 1815. (by Sir William Quiller Orchardson, 1880)
梅特兰将自己的船长室让给了这位前皇帝，并邀请他当晚与他的军官们一起用餐。第二天，他启程返回英国，历经8天的航行。
然而，当贝勒芬号到达港口时，梅特兰被海军部命令不要让拿破仑上岸，也不要让其他人上船，直到政府决定如何处置他。7月底，经过两个星期的犹豫，决定下来了。拿破仑将被送往圣赫勒拿岛流放。这让他非常失望；圣赫勒拿岛甚至比厄尔巴岛还糟糕，他原本以为会被允许在英国过流亡生活。
8月7日，拿破仑从贝勒芬号转到另一艘船诺森伯兰号，开始了前往南大西洋的长途航行。他于10月15日踏上了圣赫勒拿岛，这距离他最后一次在干燥的陆地上行走，回到法国正好三个月。
1815年7月23日，拿破仑在贝勒芬号的甲板上最后一次看着法国的海岸。(威廉-奎勒-奥查德森爵士著，1880年)
Beautiful answer, and the Painter must have thought the same when he read of Napoleon's fall.
I've always found him the most fascinating character in modern History.
漂亮的回答，画家在读到拿破仑的陨落时一定也是这样想的。
我一直认为他是现代史上最迷人的人物。
Who was responsible for an estimated 3.7 million deaths.
I have just finished reading Napoleon by Alan Forest, which on the cover quotes the BBC History maazine ‘This book helps us understand why 200 years on Napoleon still matters.’
It seems all the non military stuff such as his Law Codes etc etc were already being drafted by others when he seized power in a coup and then he simply took the credit.
His military reputation is overrated his losses out numbered his victories which were largely down to luck or he was saved by the efforts of others, He was warned at the start about Spain and Russia but went on to his doom nonetheless.
If Napoleon was to say English he would have been quickly forgotten as a failed despot but being the French Emperor the French are desperate for national heroes and the bar is low.
是谁造成了约370万人的死亡？
我刚刚读完艾伦-弗雷斯特的《拿破仑》，封面上引用了BBC历史杂志的一句话：“这本书帮助我们理解为什么200年后拿破仑仍然重要。”
似乎所有非军事的东西，如他的法典等，明明在他通过政变夺取政权时，已经由其他人起草了，然后他只是把功劳拿走了。
他的军事声誉被高估了，他的损失超过了他的胜利，而且这些胜利在很大程度上是靠运气或者是靠别人的努力来拯救他获得的。
如果拿破仑说的是英语，那么他很快就会作为一个失败的暴君被人遗忘，但作为法国皇帝，法国人渴望民族英雄，而且标准很低。
I wonder what would have happened if he was able to sneak to the United States.
我想知道如果他能够潜入美国，会发生什么。
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He would have opened a wildly successful French Corsican restaurant in New Orleans, and would have presided over New Orleans society ‘till the end of his days.
他将在新奥尔良开一家非常成功的法国科西嘉餐厅，并将主持新奥尔良的社会活动，'直到他生命的尽头。
He’d be able to live off his celebrity status if he wanted, though that wasn’t really his style. Maybe he’d set up a court in exile and make plots. There would be plenty of supporters.
It wouldn’t last long, however, since he most likely dies of stomach cancer about the time he did historically (1821). It ran in the family and his health was declining long before Waterloo.
如果他愿意，他可以靠他的名人身份生活，尽管这并不是他的风格。也许他可以在流亡中建立一个小朝廷，并制定阴谋。会有很多支持者的。
然而，这不会持续太久，因为他很可能在历史上（1821年）死于胃癌。胃癌是家族遗传病，在滑铁卢之前，他的健康状况早已下降。
I'm curious about how the Anericans would react to him, his he would react to Americans, and how Europeans would react to him being in the US.
我很好奇美国人对他的反应，他对美国人的反应，以及欧洲人对他在美国的反应。
Thomas Jefferson hated his guts but acknowledged he was a useful ally. Many in the USA may have felt similarly, but he certainly would have had many admirers.
托马斯-杰斐逊对他恨之入骨，但承认他是一个有用的盟友。美国的许多人可能有类似的感觉，但他肯定会有许多崇拜者。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Brilliant retelling of Napoleon's last days as Emperor but I was surprised by how long it took Maitland to sail back to England. An 8-day voyage seems very slow pace from Rochefort when carrying the most infamous man in Europe.
对拿破仑作为皇帝的最后几天进行了精彩的复述，但我对梅特兰驶回英国的时间感到惊讶。在载着欧洲最臭名昭著的人时，从罗什福尔出发的8天航程似乎非常缓慢。
It’s about 400 nautical miles. To do that in eight days means 50 n.miles a day. Assuming they were sailing non-stop 24/7, that means an average speed of 2 knots.
That’s what you’d expect from a wind force of 2 or 3 on the Beaufort scale: light breeze or gentle breeze. (Force 2 is defined as “that in which a man-of-war with all sail set and clean full would go in smooth water from 1 to 2 knots.”)
Sailing ships can’t go faster than the wind, however much of a hurry they’re in. :)
这大约是400海里。要在8天内完成这个任务，意味着每天50海里。假设他们24小时不停地航行，这意味着平均速度为2节。
这是蒲福风级中的2或3级风力：微风或轻风。(2级风的定义是："在光滑的水面上，一艘挂满帆的战舰会以1到2节的速度前进"）。
帆船不可能比风速更快，无论他们有多着急:)
Napoleon had great respect for George Washington. He sent flowers to his funeral and declared 10 days of mourning in France. We actually sided with France during the Napoleonic Wars by fighting the War of 1812.
At least one British unit, Lambert’s Brigade, fought us at the Battle of New Orleans and made it back to Europe to fight in Battle of Waterloo.
He spent his time at St. Helena gardening and working on his memoirs.
拿破仑对乔治-华盛顿非常尊重。他为他的葬礼送上鲜花，并宣布在法国举行10天的哀悼。在拿破仑战争期间，我们实际上站在法国一边，参加了1812年的战争。
至少有一支英国部队，兰伯特旅，在新奥尔良战役中与我们作战，并回到欧洲参加滑铁卢战役。
他在圣赫勒拿岛从事园艺工作并撰写回忆录。
A brother of one of my ancestors was all set to go to America to fight (his battalion was en route to Portsmouth to take ship, IIRC) when news came of the peace, & orders were cancelled.
The battalion was then ordered to disband, & the paperwork was being done when news came of Napoleon having returned to France, & that was cancelled.
It was sent to Belgium, but Wellington was reluctant to risk it in battle because it consisted mainly of new recruits. The battalion commander persuaded him to change his mind, putting on a display of drill.
So it went to Waterloo. It had a relatively quiet day, but did a bit of fighting, & followed the retreating French, ending up at Paris.
My relative survived unscathed (though he may have had sore feet). Paid off when the battalion returned to Britain. An interesting year for him to tell his children about.
我的一位祖先的兄弟准备去美国作战（他的营正在前往朴茨茅斯乘船的路上，我记得），这时传来了和平的消息，命令被取消了。
然后，该营被命令解散，当拿破仑返回法国的消息传来时，解散的工作正在进行，然后这也被取消了。
该营被派往比利时，但威灵顿不愿意让它在战场上冒险，因为它主要由新兵组成。营长劝说他改变主意，进行了演习展示。
于是它就去了滑铁卢。这一天相对平静，但也进行了一些战斗，并追击撤退的法国人，最终来到了巴黎。
我的亲戚毫发无损地活了下来（尽管他可能会追得脚疼）。当该营返回英国时，他得到了回报。对他来说，这是一个有趣的年份，他可以向他的孩子们讲述这个故事。
Sided with France by attempting to illegally invade / annex a foreign country (Canada) - just like France did to half of Europe
与法国站在一起，试图非法入侵/吞并一个外国（加拿大）--就像法国对半个欧洲所做的那样
??
France ceded Canada to Great Britain in 1763. Napoleon never tried to take Canada back and in fact sold us most of the French territory in North America (Louisiana Purchase 1803)
What is funny about that is we borrowed the money from British banks to pay for it. France took the money to pay for the invasion of Great Britain, which never happened, but it is still damn funny!
I was always under the impression that the cause of the Napoleonic Wars was the French Revolution and the 7 coalitions organized to prevent the spread of it’s ideals and restore the French monarchy, which they eventually did.
One famous quote by Napoleon: “I didn’t start any of those wars, but I finished most of them!”
??
法国于1763年将加拿大割让给英国。拿破仑从未试图夺回加拿大，事实上，他把法国在北美的大部分领土卖给了我们（1803年的"路易斯安那收购"）。
有趣的是，我们是从英国银行借钱来支付这笔钱。法国拿着这些钱来支付入侵英国的费用，虽然入侵从未落实，但这真是太好笑了！
在我的印象中，拿破仑战争的起因是法国大革命，以及为阻止其理想的传播和恢复法国君主制而组织的7个联盟，他们最终成功做到了这一点。
拿破仑的一句名言："这些战争都不是我发动的，但我结束了大部分战争！"
What do you mean by illegally invading/annexing a country? It's a “don't quote laws to us we carry swords" situation. Additionally if you knew anything about the Napoleonic Wars you would know that nearly all the wars were declared on France not the other way around.
你说的非法入侵/吞并一个国家是什么意思？这是一个"不要向一个带着剑的人引用法律"的情况。此外，如果你对拿破仑战争有所了解，你会知道几乎所有的战争都是向法国宣战，而不是相反。
Any mention of the final French attack with the Imperial Guard needs an asterisk. There were 11 or 12 battalions of Imperial Guard at Waterloo. Doubtful they were all up to strength, especially after Ligny, and for sure the Guard at Waterloo was in name only. The Guard had been disbanded and Napoleon had Been in exile for 5 years. And it’s not called The Hundred Days for nothing - Napoleon hastily assembled an army, including hastily recreating the Guard. Four or maybe five of the Guard battalions made the final assault, in two waves, about 15 minutes or so apart, the first wave being repulsed before the second wave attacked. There is a lot of disagreement regarding which Guard units participated, but it is for sure that the entire Guard, or even most, didn’t. The reason the attacks went forward badly coordinated seems clear - Napoleon recognized he was running out of time and gambled a quick, if badly organized, strike by the Guard units he had at hand, directly at the allied center would reverse his fortunes. It was probably the only chance he had at that point.
任何提到法国人与帝国卫队的最后进攻都需要打上引号。在滑铁卢有11或12个营的帝国卫队。我怀疑他们是否都达到了当初的实力，尤其是在利格尼战役之后，而且可以肯定的是，滑铁卢的近卫军只是名义上的。近卫军已经被解散，拿破仑已经流亡了5年之久。这场战役被称为"百日战役"也不是没有道理的--拿破仑匆忙地组建了一支军队，包括匆忙地重新组建近卫军。他用四个或五个近卫营进行了最后的攻击，分两波进行，大约相隔15分钟左右，第一波在第二波攻击前被击退。关于哪些近卫军部队参加了这次攻击，有很多不同意见，但可以肯定的是，整个近卫军，甚至是大多数，都没有参加。用攻击向前推进的原因也很清楚--拿破仑认识到他已经没有时间了，并赌他手头的近卫军部队快速地--即使组织度很糟糕--直接向盟军中心发起攻击，将扭转他的命运。这可能是他在当时唯一的机会。
the guard was cut in three: the old guard, and the young and middle guard.
The young and middle guard were composed of conscxts, but the officers were from the old guard. The young and middle guard were the one who ran after the prussian arrival
卫队被一分为三：老卫队、青年卫队和中年卫队。
中青年卫队是由新兵组成的，但军官是来自老卫队。中青年卫队是在普鲁士人到来之后才溃退的。
I’ve yet to see a detailed history of what happened after Waterloo.
For example, what happened to the corps under Grouchy, which was supposed to be keeping up the pressure on the Prussians? Was there any fighting worth the name in the three weeks between Waterloo and Napoleon’s surrender? And why did the French people, never mind their leaders, suddenly decide that the Bourbons were sort of OK after all?
我还没有看过关于滑铁卢之后发生的详细历史。
例如，本应保持对普鲁士人的压力的格罗奇领导的军团发生了什么？在滑铁卢和拿破仑投降之间的三个星期里，是否还有过任何名副其实的战斗？还有，为什么法国人民，更不用说他们的领导人，突然决定波旁王朝还算不错？
Grouchy had engaged the Prussian rearguard at Wavre at 4:00 pm on 18 June, when the Battle of Waterloo was at its midpoint. The fighting halted when night fell, but resumed again in the early morning. At 10:00 am the Prussians started to retreat: Grouchy was jubilant and prepared to march on Brussels: then at 10:30 he got the news of Napoléon's defeat at Waterloo. Heartbroken, he ordered his men to retreat instead.
Wellington issued orders on 20 June that "France ought to be treated as a friendly country", because the Allies were at war with "the usurper Napoléon Bonaparte", not with the French people. Therefore his troops were ordered to pay for any supplies the needed, rather than plundering them by force.
The Anglo-Allied and Prussian armies pursued the retreating French southwards. There were several skirmishes but no major battles. By 1 July Wellington's army was facing the French defences to the north of Paris while Blücher was marching around the city to the west to approach it from the opposite direction. The Austrian army had also crossed the Rhine and was marching westwards.
After a final skirmish at Issy in the early hours of 3 July, the French agreed to sign a local armistice (the Convention of Saint-Cloud) and evacuate their troops from Paris.
Some French fortresses still held out and refused to surrender, and were assaulted by a force of Prussian troops and British heavy artillery. The last of these, Rocroy, surrendered on 16 August. A general armistice was agreed on 20 September.
As for why the French people accepted the return of Louis XVIII: they'd been at war for the last 23 years. Around two million had died, out of a population of 30 million. Most of them were tired of glory; they wanted peace. And the Bourbons promised to keep many of the reforms of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods, though they did purge people who were too close to the former régime.
6月18日下午4点，格罗奇在瓦夫尔与普鲁士的后卫部队交战，当时滑铁卢战役正处于中点。夜幕降临时战斗停止了，但在清晨又恢复了战斗。上午10点，普鲁士人开始撤退。格罗奇兴高采烈，准备向布鲁塞尔进军：然后在10点30分，他得到了拿破仑在滑铁卢失败的消息。他伤心欲绝，命令他的手下转而撤退。
威灵顿于6月20日发布命令，称"法国应被视为友好国家"，因为盟军是在与"篡夺者拿破仑-波拿巴"而不是与法国人民交战。因此，他的部队被命令用钱支付所需的任何物资，而不是用武力来掠夺它们。
盎格鲁联军和普鲁士军队向南追击撤退的法国人。双方发生了几次小规模冲突，但没有发生大的战役。到7月1日，威灵顿的军队在巴黎北部面对法军的防线，而布吕歇尔则绕过城市向西行军，从相反的方向接近巴黎。奥军也已越过莱茵河，向西行进。
7月3日凌晨，在伊西进行了最后一次小规模战斗后，法国人同意签署一份地方停战协议（圣克卢公约），并从巴黎撤走了他们的部队。
一些法国要塞仍在坚持，拒绝投降，并遭到了普鲁士军队和英国重炮部队的攻击。其中最后一个要塞，罗克罗伊，于8月16日投降。9月20日，双方达成了全面停战协议。
至于法国人民为什么会接受路易十八的回归：他们在过去的23年里一直在打仗。在3000万的总人口中，大约有200万人死亡。他们中的大多数人都厌倦了荣耀；他们想要和平。波旁王朝承诺保留大革命和拿破仑时期的许多改革措施，尽管他们确实清除了那些与前政权关系过于密切的人。
BTW: it was 5 battalions of the Middle Guard who made the final French attack against Wellington’s forces at 7:30. I can’t help wondering what the result may have been if Napoleon had spruced up the attack with 2 or 3 battalions of the Old Guard as well. Perhaps the success that eluded him, or perhaps the same end result. He DID move several OG battalions forward, but they didn’t participate in the actual attack. In any case, ol’ Nappy kept the Old Guard out of the attack, either to reinforce success if the Middle Guard had broken Wellington’s line, or as a fallback in case of failure.
顺便说一下：在7点30分，是5个营的中年卫队对威灵顿的部队进行了最后的攻击。我不禁要问，如果拿破仑也用2或3个营的老卫队来加强进攻，结果会是怎样？也许是取得他没有取得的成功，也许是同样的最终结果。他确实把几个老卫队营调到了前面，但他们并没有参与实际的进攻。不管怎么说，拿破仑都把老卫队留在了进攻之外，可能是想如果中年卫队突破了威灵顿的防线，就派上去加强成功，或者在失败的情况下作为一种退路。