欧洲有哪些在中世纪辉煌的城镇和城市现在已经淡出了人们的视线？

Edward Whitehead
Chartres was once of importance rivalling Paris, and has a Cathedral to match. But nowadays the Cathedral is the only reason for so many people from afar to visit. (Its stained glass windows are considered unrivalled. They were saved from wartime destruction by the heroism of one man.)
In general Cathedrals are fossils of the relative importance of cities in the Middle Ages. York for example with its magnificent Minster, is the second Anglican Archbishopric but the city is now far from the secondmost important city of England. Not far from there Ripon has a very notable Cathedral, otherwise the city (pop. about 16,000) is not outstandingly famous.

沙特尔的重要性曾经可以与巴黎相媲美，并且有一座大教堂。但如今，大教堂是众多远道而来的人们来此地参观的唯一理由。(它的彩色玻璃窗被认为是无与伦比的。它们是由一个人的英雄主义从战时的破坏中拯救出来的）。
一般来说，大教堂是中世纪城市相对重要性的指标。例如，约克拥有宏伟的大教堂，是英国圣公会的第二大主教区，但该城市现在远不是英格兰第二重要的城市。离那里不远的里彭有一个非常著名的大教堂，除此之外，这个城市如今（人口约16000）并不突出。

David Parry
Much the same applies to Lichfield, which is a cathedral city, but is now just part of the greater Birmingham area. You might be able to say the same of Ely, which has a cathedral, but is only a smallish town nowadays.

利奇菲尔德的情况也差不多，它是一个有着一座大教堂的城市，但现在只是大伯明翰地区的一部分。你也可以这样说伊利，它也有一个大教堂，但现在只是一个小城镇。

Ionut Sabau
Moscopole. Though not important in medi times, it was the main cultural center of Aromanians in the Ottoman Balkans afterwards, in the 17th century. Nowadays it’s a village. Enough said.
Orașul de Floci/Fleece City. Second largest/important medi Wallachian commercial center (market), situated on the left bank of the Danube, it was abandoned gradually due to the 18th century Russo-Turkish wars that were fought in the area… Nowadays, only some ruins surrounded by fields of sunflower can be spotted.
Fun fact: it’s the only known Romanian medi settlement that has no modern buildings overlaping the old ones, which makes it a great archaeological digging site.
Akkerman/Cetatea Alba /Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi. Former ancient Greek colony at the Black Sea, becomes an important commercial trading center / port on the Black Sea shore, held by the Geonese (though its location and importance led to it exchanging ‘owners’ quite often in the Middle Ages: Romans, Bulgarians, Tatars, Genoese, Moldavians, Turks). Now part of the Odessa oblast in Ukraine, is known as Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi. While it might not be ‘obscure’ for the Ukrainians, I doubt the same can be said for the rest of Europe, considering the town’s population numbers and location.

莫斯克波勒。虽然在中世纪并不重要，但在之后的17世纪，它是奥斯曼帝国巴尔干地区的阿罗曼人的主要文化中心。如今它是一个村庄。
奥拉-德-弗洛西/羊毛城。瓦拉几亚中世纪第二大/重要的商业中心（市场），位于多瑙河左岸，由于18世纪俄土战争在该地区发生，它逐渐被遗弃......如今，只能看到一些被向日葵田包围的废墟。
有趣的是：它是唯一已知的罗马尼亚中世纪定居点，没有现代建筑与旧建筑重叠，这使得它成为一个伟大的考古挖掘地点。
阿克曼/塞塔特亚-阿尔巴/比尔霍罗德-德尼斯特罗夫斯基。前古希腊在黑海的殖民地，成为黑海岸边重要的商业贸易中心/港口，由吉翁人持有（尽管它的位置和重要性导致它在中世纪经常交换"主人"。罗马人、保加利亚人、鞑靼人、热那亚人、摩尔达维亚人和土耳其人）。现在是乌克兰敖德萨州的一部分，被称为比洛德-德尼斯特罗夫斯基。虽然它对乌克兰人来说可能并没有"淡出视线"，但考虑到该镇的人口数量和位置，相对于欧洲其他地区毫无疑问可以这么说。

Donal Clancy
Business Analyst (2009–present)1y
Aachen (Aix la Chapelle) was the Capital of the Holy Roman Empire under Charlemagne for 600 years from the 10th to 16th Century.
Avignon was the Papal City in the 14th Century for 7 popes in succession. More important than Rome for 60 years.

亚琛是查理曼大帝统治下的神圣罗马帝国的首都，从10世纪到16世纪，长达600年。
阿维尼翁是14世纪的教皇城，先后有7位教皇在此统治。在60年内的时间里比罗马更重要。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Tim Slater
There was no capital of the HRE for most of its existence! Wherever the Emperor set up shop was the “capital”. Aachen was its coronation site for a long time, but it was ruled from other places.

在其存在的大部分时间里，神圣罗马帝国是没有首都的! 皇帝在哪里驻留，哪里就成了"首都"。亚琛在很长一段时间内是加冕地，但皇帝在其他地方实行统治。

David Parry
Lived in the UK for the first 30 years10mo
In a sense, most of the county towns in England are of much less importance than before, since they were overtaken by the rapid growth of the new cities where industry was located, such as Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds and a smaller number of places in Lancashire and Yorkshire, or the development of ports such as Bristol and Liverpool. In Scotland, Glasgow rivaled Edinburgh for size.

从某种意义上说，英格兰的大多数县级城镇的重要性已大不如前，因为它们被工业所在的新城市的快速发展所超越，如伯明翰、曼彻斯特、利兹以及兰开夏和约克郡的少数地方，或者是随着布里斯托尔和利物浦等港口的发展而重要性下降。在苏格兰，格拉斯哥的规模本可以与爱丁堡媲美。

David Wright
Not quite enduring into medi times but:
Ostia Antica
Ostia was a cosmopolitan place, where to meet people of different races, languages and cultures. The temples dedicated to local divinities like the Persian Mitra, Cibele from Frigia, and the Egyptian Iside, as well as the synagogue recently discovered, witness all its cosmopolitanism.
Claudio built the real port of Ostia in 42 AD, nearby the current Fiumicino airport, later on enlarged by Traiano. It was a clearing station of goods to Rome and grew in terms of richness and prestige. When the empire fell and started the barbaric invasions, Ostia declined too: the city was abandoned little by little and its imposing ruins were buried.
In the IX century AD, Pope Gregorio IV decided to build up a village here, called Gregoriopoli. The cylindrical tower and the gorgeous castle of Giulio II (XV century, one of the first examples of modern military architecture) were built there, but the traces of Ostia Antica got lost.

奥斯提亚-安提卡
奥斯蒂亚是一个世界性的地方，在这里可以见到不同种族、语言和文化的人。献给当地神灵的庙宇，如波斯的米特拉、弗里吉亚的西贝勒和埃及的伊塞德，以及最近发现的犹太教堂，都见证了其国际性。
克劳迪奥在公元42年建立了真正的奥斯提亚港口，就在现在的菲乌米奇诺机场附近，后来被特拉伊亚诺扩建。它是一个通往罗马的货物转运站，并在财富和声望方面不断增长。当帝国衰落，野蛮人开始入侵时，奥斯提亚也随着衰落了：城市被一点一点地遗弃，其宏伟的废墟被埋葬。
在公元九世纪，教皇格雷戈里奥四世决定在这里建立一个村庄，称为格雷戈里奥波利。圆柱形的塔楼和朱利奥二世的华丽城堡（建于十五世纪，现代军事建筑最显著的例子之一）都建在那里，但奥斯提卡的痕迹已经消失。

Veronique Clabots
Studied at Haute Ecole De La Province De Liege9mo
Two cities come to my mind :
Aachen, now in Germany. It was were Charlemagne established his residence, and by this fact was at that time, one of the most important city. It remains an important city for the Holy Roman Empire as coronation of Emperors continues to be held there during 600 years.
Reims, France. Even if it is still a large city of France, known for its cathedral and its champagne, it used to be a more important city in the past. Outside France, it is less known how important Reims was in the history of France. It was were Clovis was christened and it was the place for French King coronation from Louis Le Pieux (816) until Charles X (1825).

我想到了两个城市。
亚琛，现在在德国。亚琛是查理曼大帝的住所，在当时是最重要的城市之一。它一直是神圣罗马帝国的一个重要城市，因为600年来，皇帝的加冕仪式一直在这里举行。
兰斯，法国。即使它现在仍然是法国的一个大城市，以其大教堂和香槟酒而闻名，但它在过去曾是一个更重要的城市。在法国之外，人们不太了解兰斯在法国历史上曾有多重要。它是克洛维洗礼的地方，也是从路易-勒-皮埃（816）到查理十世（1825）的法国国王加冕的地方。

Jeff Hoyle
BSc in Geography, University of Hull (UK) (Graduated 1977)1y
My own town, King’s Lynn was one of the most important ports in the country in medi times, but the increase in the size of ships, the silting of the river, the development of Western trade routes and the coming of the railways mean that it is now a minor port and a backwater town.
Still, just round the coast, Dunwich, described by some as the former capital of East Anglia, has almost been swallowed by the sea.

我自己的城市，金斯林在中世纪时是我国最重要的港口之一，但船舶规模的扩大、河流的淤塞、西方贸易路线的发展以及铁路的到来意味着它现在成为了一个小港口和一个落后的城镇。
不过，就在海岸边，被一些人描述为东安格利亚的前首都的邓尼奇，现在几乎都已经被大海吞没了。

Barnaby Page
Norwich and Ipswich were also much more important places than they are now.

诺维奇和伊普斯维奇也曾是比现在重要得多的地方。

Alfred Medolli
Winery Consultant and Shop Wine Manager 1y
The city of Ragusa nowadays Dubrovnik in Croatia, had a great significance for the whole of the Middle Ages, rich and sumptuous dominated the seas with its merchant fleet. After the fall at the hands of Napoleone Buonaparte it never recovered. Obscure it’s a bit a hard word to use ,but it is far way from the importance of the past.

拉古萨市如今在克罗地亚的杜布罗夫尼克，它在整个中世纪都有很大的意义，它的商船队丰富而奢华，主宰着海洋。在拿破仑-布纳帕尔特的手中沦陷后，它再也没有恢复过来。淡出视线这个词可能有点过了，但它离过去的重要性还差得很远。

Chris Verlinden
Works at Self-Employment10mo
Bruges in Flanders - Belgium has been mentioned. The nearby city of Ypres not. It was a major market place for linen in 12th - 13the century, with 40.000 inhabitants, a lot larger than London, a relatively insignificant place at the Thames at that time.

比利时佛兰德斯的布鲁日已经被提到过了。但是它附近的城市伊普尔却没有。在12-13世纪，它是一个主要的亚麻布市场，有4万名居民，比伦敦大得多，当时的伦敦只是一个位于泰晤士河边一个相对不重要的地方。

Alex Mara
University of Texas at Austinupxed 10mo
Lincoln, England. I’ve read that during the Middle ages Lincoln was the second largest and richest city in England. Google it now.
Aachen Germany. The capital of the empire of the Franks. Now a tourist attraction.
But others from later periods deserve mention; Vienna and Lisbon. Both once seats of great empires. Now still great cities but the Empire long gone along with the pomp, etc. MOF, I’ve spent some time in Lisbon and the attitude of the folks is, doggone, small town.

英国的林肯。我读到过，在中世纪，林肯是英国第二大和最富有的城市。现在你还得谷歌一下。
德国亚琛。法兰克人帝国的首都。现在是一个旅游景点。
但其他来自中世纪后期的城市也值得一提；维也纳和里斯本。两者都曾是伟大帝国的所在地。现在仍然是伟大的城市，但帝国的盛况早已不复存在。我在里斯本呆过一段时间，当地人的的态度是，这就他么是个小地方。

Ronald M. Walker
BA in Psychology & Politics, The Open University (Graduated 1989)10mo
The place that springs immediately to mind is the lovely Begian city of Bruges. It’s still lovely, because its wealth depended on importing and processing wool, and slowly, the river which brought cargoes to the town from the sea silted-up and strangled the trade. The town had built a wonnderful cathedral, magnificent market square… but now ni=o longer had the money - nor the motivation - to “modernise” itself, so things remained largely unchanged for centuries. Nowadays, we’d call that “an amazing example of unspoiled medi architecture”, and it’s a hell of a draw to tourists.

我马上想到的地方是可爱的比利时城市布鲁日。它仍然很可爱，因为它的财富依赖于进口和加工羊毛，慢慢地，将货物从海上带到镇上的河流淤塞了，扼杀了贸易。该镇曾建造了一座漂亮的大教堂，宏伟的市场广场......但现在没有钱--也没有动力--来"现代化"自己，所以几个世纪以来，这里的事情基本上没有什么变化。如今，我们称之为"未受破坏的中世纪建筑的一个惊人的例子"，简直不要太吸引游客。

Orlando Barrios
The city of León, capital of the namesake kingdom: it was one of the main cities of the Iberian peninsula from the VIII-century to well into the XVI-century, when it started to decay.[1]
Palermo in Sicily was a powerful city under the Saracens (IX-century), the Normands (XI-century) and the Swabians (XIII-century): under Frederick II Hohestaufen was virtually the capitol of the Holy Roman Empire, and continued to be a large city under the Aragonese until the plague of 1656.

莱昂城，同名王国的首都：从八世纪到十六世纪，它是伊比利亚半岛的主要城市之一，后来开始衰落。
西西里岛的巴勒莫在萨拉森人（九世纪）、诺曼人（十一世纪）和斯瓦比亚人（十三世纪）时期是一个强大的城市。