有哪些被低估的历史转折点？
What are some underrated turning points in history?
译文简介
在东欧和巴尔干地区，积极扩张的奥斯曼帝国和哈斯堡奥地利之间出现了激烈的竞争。
正文翻译
What are some underrated turning points in history?
有哪些被低估的历史转折点？
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, M.A History & Latin, Ohio University (2016)
The Siege of Vienna in 1683.
In Eastern Europe and the Balkans, an intense rivalry had emerged between the aggressively expanding Ottoman Empire and Hapsburg Austria.
Ottoman expansion into Europe was held back by 1 thing- Vienna. From Vienna, the Austrians were able to resist and combat Ottoman expansion and so the Ottoman Empire had to take Vienna.
For centuries attempt after attempt had been made to capture the city with even Sulieman the Magnificent failing. Now in 1683, the Ottomans were going to make their biggest push yet.
The Ottomans threw 170,000 men into the campaign with 150,000 remaining once the siege began.
In Vienna there were only about 11,000 soldiers and 5,000 militia, meaning the defenders were outnumbered 10 to 1. Vienna did have hope though.
They had appointed a brilliant German Mercenary to upxe Vienna’s defenses. The walls had been drastically improved and modernized
They had deals with the Poles to support them if war breaks out
Vienna’s defenses were impressive. The first line of defense was an earthen rampart with a moat. There were bunkers, traps, and trenches all along this rampart which meant the Ottomans had to take it inch by inch. After the rampart came thick stone walls with island walls called “ravelins”- meaning there would be overlapping fields of fire.
The Battle began as the Ottomans arrived in the area and took the lightly defended outskirts of the city. They then began to bombard the city with cannons, trying to break the city’s defenses.
Right away the Ottomans tried to advance. They closed in rapidly by digging trenches that led up to the earthworks. Mere feet away from beachgoers, Ottomans and Austrians would lob grenades at enemy positions.
While all this was happening the Ottomans began to mine tunnels under the defenses. They would then ignite explosives, collapsing the earthworks. With the earthworks collapsed Ottoman soldiers would flood into the gap, trying to take the defenses. Austrians would respond by flooding out of their barracks and bunkers to push the Ottomans back. Fighting was brutal and intense with the Ottomans gaining ground.
Vienna had fought hard but there were problems.
Food was running low and citizens had taken to eating pets
The city was overcrowded and disease began to spread
The Ottomans had broken through the earthen works and had built ramps up to the walls. Austrian defenses were collapsing
On September 4th, the Ottomans successfully mined under the primary walls and collapsed a section of the wall. Intense fighting took place as Austrian defenders tried desperately to hold the Ottomans back.
The defenders held the gap, but things looked ugly. More sections of the walls were falling and the city had gone from 16,000 defenders to 4,000 defenders.
Vienna’s fall seemed imminent
On September 12th, as the city seemed hours away from falling, a relief Army arrived totaling some 90,000. It was a coalition Army made up of German, Austrian, and Polish forces.
This massive Army wasted little time and attacked immediately. The Ottomans had prepared for this and massive skirmishes broke out as the relief army advanced.
All over the area, intense squad combat broke out on the farms and flat fields surrounding Vienna.
The Ottomans grew desperate, trying to break through the city’s defenses before the reinforcements could close in. Fighting became more intense as defenders desperately tried to hold out for the final hours of this fight.
Then came the Winged Hussars- the Polish Elite Cavalry.
Flooding down into the flat terrain that favors them the Cavalry advanced. First, a vanguard of 120 Hussars broke deep into Ottoman lines, breaking into the camp. The Ottoman commander saw this and realized it was over, fleeing the field.
The Holy League decided to finish the Ottomans now. They sent 15,000 light cavalry and 3,000 Winged Hussars to crash into the Ottoman lines. This was the largest cavalry charge in human history FYI.
The Ottoman forces folded almost immediately and began to flee. The Ottoman camp was sacked and destroyed and Vienna was saved.
Now, this battle would mark a turning point in European, Middle Eastern, and World history.
This would be the last attempt at taking Vienna the Ottomans would make. This defeat was crushing and it turned the war in favor of the Austrians.
After 3 centuries of on and off again war the Austrians were able to take the initiative. They retook the Balkans and Hungary from the Ottomans- pushing them back more and more.
The Ottoman Empire would shrink and weaken over the next few centuries.
This failure to take Vienna would mark the beginning of the end for the Ottoman Empire. They would now become the “sick man of Europe”.
The results of this are significant.
The Middle East would be taken by various European powers and then split up into the nations we recognize today. Modern conflicts in the Middle East have their roots in this battle
Austria defeating the Ottomans would allow the Austrians to expand which in turn would eventually allow for the creation of Germany was we know it
With the Balkans changing hands various new nations would spring up and wars from WW1 to WW2 would take place in this region
, 俄亥俄大学历史和拉丁文硕士（2016）。
1683年的维也纳之围。
在东欧和巴尔干地区，积极扩张的奥斯曼帝国和哈斯堡奥地利之间出现了激烈的竞争。
奥斯曼帝国向欧洲的扩张被一件事所阻挡--维也纳。奥地利人以维也纳为根据抵制和打击奥斯曼帝国的扩张，因此奥斯曼帝国必须占领维也纳。
几个世纪以来，他们一直试图攻占这座城市，甚至连苏莱曼大帝都失败了。时间来到1683年，奥斯曼人即将对维也发起有史以来规模最大的进攻。
奥斯曼人在这场战役中投入了17万人，围攻开始后还剩下15万人。
在维也纳城内，只有大约11000名士兵和5000名民兵，这意味着守军的人数是10比1。不过，维也纳还有希望：
1.他们任命了一位杰出的德国雇佣兵来更新维也纳的防御系统。使维也纳的城墙得到了极大的改善和现代化。
2.他们与波兰人达成了协议，如果战争爆发，波兰将给予支持。
维也纳的防御系统令人印象深刻。第一道防线是带有护城河的土墙。沿着这个土墙有很多碉堡、陷阱和战壕，这意味着奥斯曼人必须一寸一寸地占领它。在土墙之后是厚厚的石墙，上面有被称为"ravelins "的半月堡，这意味着会有火力交叉区域。
战役开始时，奥斯曼人抵达该地区并占领了防守薄弱的城市郊区。然后他们开始用大炮轰击城市，试图打破城市的防御。
奥斯曼人试图立即推进。他们通过挖掘战壕，迅速逼近土墙。在离护城河边只有几英尺远的地方，奥斯曼人和奥地利人互相朝敌人的阵地投掷爆破弹。
在这一切发生的同时，奥斯曼人开始在防线下挖掘通向土墙的隧道。然后，他们会点燃炸药，使土墙倒塌。随着土墙的坍塌，奥斯曼士兵会涌入缺口，试图夺取防线。奥地利人则从他们的营房和地堡中涌出，将奥斯曼人逼退。随着奥斯曼人不断取得进展，战斗是残酷而激烈的。
维也纳进行了艰苦卓绝的战斗，但也存在一些问题：
1.食物越来越少，市民们开始吃起了宠物。
2.城市拥挤不堪，疾病开始蔓延
3.奥斯曼人已经突破了土墙，并在石墙边上修建了斜坡。奥地利人的防线正在崩溃
9月4日，奥斯曼人成功地在主城墙下布雷，并使城墙的一部分倒塌。奥地利守军拼命试图阻止奥斯曼人，发生了激烈的战斗。
守军守住了缺口，但情况看起来很糟糕。城墙其余部分正在倒塌，城市从16000名守军变成了4000名守军。
维也纳的沦陷似乎近在咫尺。
9月12日，当城市似乎离沦陷只剩几个小时时，一支总人数约为9万人的援军抵达。这是一支由德国、奥地利和波兰军队组成的联军。
这支庞大的军队没有浪费多少时间，立即发动了进攻。奥斯曼人对此早有准备，当援军前进时，大规模冲突爆发了。
在整维也纳周围的农场和平原个地区都爆发了激烈的小规模战斗。
奥斯曼人越来越绝望，试图在增援部队靠近之前突破城市的防御。战斗变得更加激烈，因为守军拼命地想在这场战斗的最后几个小时里坚持下去。
然后，翼骑兵--波兰的精锐骑兵--他来了。
骑兵们涌入对他们有利的平坦地形，向前推进。首先，一支由120名轻骑兵组成的先锋队深入奥斯曼帝国的防线，闯入奥斯曼军营地。奥斯曼帝国的指挥官看到这一幕，意识到事情已经结束，逃离了战场。
神圣联盟决定现在就要解决奥斯曼人。他们派出15000名轻骑兵和3000名翼骑兵，冲进奥斯曼帝国的防线。这是人类历史上最大的一次骑兵冲锋。
奥斯曼帝国的军队几乎立即折戟沉沙，开始逃亡。奥斯曼帝国的营地被洗劫一空，并被摧毁，维也纳得以幸存。
这场战斗标志着欧洲、中东和世界历史的一个转折点。
这将是奥斯曼人最后一次尝试夺取维也纳。这次失败是毁灭性的，它使战争转向对奥地利人有利。
在经历了3个世纪断断续续的战争之后，奥地利人终于得以掌握主动权。他们从奥斯曼人手中重新夺回了巴尔干半岛和匈牙利--把他们逼得越来越远。
在接下来的几个世纪里，奥斯曼帝国不断萎缩和削弱。
夺取维也纳的失败标志着奥斯曼帝国末日的开始。他们后来被称为"欧洲病夫"。
这一事件的结果是显著的：
1.中东将被各个欧洲大国占领，然后分裂成我们今天认知的国家。中东地区的现代冲突都源于这场战争
2.奥地利击败了奥斯曼人，使奥地利人得以扩张，这反过来又使我们所知道的德国得以建立。
3.随着巴尔干半岛的易手，各种新的国家涌现出来，从第一次世界大战到第二次世界大战的战争都发生在这个地区。
Don’t forget the most important result of the battle— the introduction of coffee to the West! When the Ottomans were still making breakfast when their camps were overrun and the victorious soldiers helped themselves to the brewing coffee.
The Austrians also captured vast stores of beans — enough for tens of thousands of men for many months. No one wanted or knew what to do with them, except for the Austrian spy who had spent years undercover in Constantinople. He took the beans as reward for his service, retired and opened the first of Viennas world famous coffeehouses.
不要忘了这场战役最重要的结果--将咖啡引入了西方国家! 当奥斯曼人的营地被攻破时，他们还在做早餐，得胜的士兵们喝下了奥斯曼人泡好的咖啡。
奥地利人还缴获了大量的咖啡豆储备--足够数万人使用好几个月。除了在君士坦丁堡卧底多年的奥地利间谍外，没有人想要或知道如何处理这些东西。他拿着这些咖啡豆作为他服务的回报，退休后开设了维也纳第一家世界著名的咖啡馆。
You should add that about one century after the Poles saved the Austrians (and probably some others in Europe) the Austrians thanked the Poles. Austria, together with russia and Prussia destroyed the Polish Kingdom and shared its lands among them.
你应该补充一点，在波兰人拯救了奥地利人（可能包括其他欧洲人）大约一个世纪后，奥地利人“回馈”了波兰人。奥地利与俄罗斯和普鲁士一起摧毁了波兰王国，并将其土地各自分赃。
I wouldn’t say the results of this battle led to European powers (centuries later) colonizing and dividing the Middle East nor modern conflicts resulting in this battle. There are many other factors- much more significant- in explaining the decline of the Ottomans and the rise of the West. The fact that the ottomans were able to withstand 2–3 more centuries of war sometimes against a combined European coalition attests to this.
我不会说这场战斗的结果导致了欧洲列强（几个世纪后）对中东的殖民和分割，也不会说现代中东的冲突根源于这场战斗。在解释奥斯曼人的衰落和西方的崛起时，还有许多其他因素--更重要的因素。奥斯曼人能够承受2-3个多世纪的战争，有时还能对抗欧洲联合起来的联盟，这一事实证明了这一点。
Europeans only tried to destroy the Ottomans for about a hundred years after Vienna. After that, there was a period of almost a hundred years where there always were some European powers, especially Great Britain that rather tried to protect it.
The battles or the war was not the reason for the Ottoman decline, but it was the first time it was visible that the Ottoman Empire had gone into decline.
欧洲人在维也纳之围大约一百年后才开始试图消灭奥斯曼。在那之后，有将近一百年的时间里，总有一些欧洲大国，特别是英国，反而试图保护它。
这场战斗或者说战争并不是奥斯曼帝国衰落的原因，但这是第一次可以看出奥斯曼帝国已经走向衰落。
Even with that, my point still stands. Even 100 years after Vienna with a massive European coalition, the ottomans didn’t collapse. Most other European powers would have simply collapsed if faced with some pressure. I agree with the second part of your response. I just don’t see how one could predict post world war 1 order and today’s conflicts all from this one battle. It seems more dramatic than factual.
即使如此，我的观点仍然成立。即使在维也纳之战之后的100年里，面对着庞大的欧洲联盟，奥斯曼人也没有垮掉。如果是欧洲国家面临这种压力，大多数都会直接崩溃。我同意你回复的第二部分。我只是不明白怎么能从这一场战役中预测出一战后的世界秩序和今天的冲突。这也太牵强了。
What the battle really signalled was that the Ottoman Empire were unable to conquer new European territories, which is important, but they were still able to defend effectively for at least two hundred more years.
The European powers opposing Turkey were really Austria, Russia and to a large part Spain early on. Poland went into serious decline after their victory in that war, and that war was really the last time Poland would be a great power. Other powers like Sweden, France and Great Britain had no interest in seeing the Ottoman Empire gone until the first world war. France planning to let the Ottomans take Austria and then come in to save the day. It was also mostly the Russians that devoted large resources against the Ottomans, as the Austrian had problems elsewhere as well.
When it comes to collapse, the countries of the day could really face bad setbacks, it was the norm. Like Sweden faced a relatively worse defeat at Poltava and France had several bad defeat during the Middle Ages. It rather seems like it was in the more modern age with France in 1870 that countries could come close to collapse after severe military defeats.
这场战役真正表明的是，奥斯曼帝国已经无法征服新的欧洲领土，这很重要，但他们仍然能够有效地防御至少两百多年。
反对奥斯曼的欧洲大国实际上就奥地利、俄国，以及在很大程度上早期的西班牙。波兰在那场战争的胜利后进入了严重的衰退期，那场战争确实是波兰作为大国登场的最后一次。其他大国如瑞典、法国和英国对看到奥斯曼帝国的消失都没有兴趣，直到第一次世界大战的爆发。法国本计划让奥斯曼人占领奥地利，然后再来拯救世界。投入最大资源对抗奥斯曼人的主要是俄国人，与此同时奥地利人在其他地方有着自己的问题。
说到崩溃，当时的国家确实可能面临糟糕的挫折，这是很正常的。像瑞典在波尔塔瓦面临着相对比这更严重的失败，法国在中世纪也有过几次糟糕的失败，但都没有崩溃。相反，似乎是在更现代的时代，比如法国在1870年，国家在严重的军事失败后倒是非常接近崩溃。
I think even if the Ottomans won the Siege of Vienna, their time to really rule huge chunks of Europe permanently os almost over. the tech advatnage between them and leading European powers is expanding. I think one of the most underrated perhaps is the Second Siege of Constantinople. Without which, most Europe would realistically be Musli... in the span of 300+ years.
我认为即使奥斯曼人赢得了维也纳围攻战，他们真正永久统治欧洲大片土地的时间点也几乎结束了。我认为其中最被低估的历史转折也许是第二次君士坦丁堡围攻战。如果没有这次围攻，在300多年的时间里，大部分欧洲实际上都会成为穆斯林的天下。
Was with you until the end. The Ottomans lasted 200+ years after this battle.
Austrians winning a battle doesn’t somehow allow Prussians to kick their butt… uh nearly 200 years later.
The Balkans were always changing hands. It’s kind of their thing. There’s nothing to say that this specific changing of hands leads to the assassination of the arch-duke several hundred years in the future.
It was a cool answer until you overplayed it.
前面都同意，除了最后。这场战斗后，奥斯曼帝国还持续了 200 多年呢。
奥地利人赢得一场战斗并不会不知怎么地允许普鲁士人来踢他们的屁股……嗯，除了 200 年后那次。
巴尔干半岛总是易手。这就是他们的存在方式。没有什么好说的，并不能说某次的易手会导致几百年后大公被暗杀。
这是个很酷的答案，但是你扯得有点远。
Should make a movie about this battle. Definitely be a good film. Who doesn't love polish hussars crashing into battle lines.
应该把这场战斗拍成电影。绝对会是一部好电影。谁会不喜欢波兰翼骑兵冲进战场的场景呢。
This statement about the “largest cavalry charge in history” has appeared before in Quora. It might be the largest cavalry charge by Europeans, but it is very unlikely to be the largest of all time. Think of China, or the Mongols, or the Mughals, etc.
这种关于"历史上最大的骑兵冲锋"的说法以前也曾在Quora出现过。它可能是欧洲人最大规模的骑兵冲锋，但它不太可能是所有历史时间段中规模最大的。想想中国，或蒙古人，或莫卧儿人，等等。
No. It was Hungary which saved Europe from the Turks not the Austrians or Vienna. The Turks were so far from their logistical starting point that they never had enough time to do a proper summer siege of Vienna. Why? Because they could never settle Hungarian lands. Turks had to tediously move through hostile territory to get to Vienna. Hungary was occupied but never subdued. Turks had a summer army that marched in spring and arrived late summer to siege Vienna and failed at that.
不，从奥斯曼人手中拯救欧洲的是匈牙利，而不是奥地利人或维也纳。奥斯曼人离他们的后勤起点太远了，他们从来没有足够的时间来准备好对维也纳进行夏季围攻。为什么？因为他们永远无法搞定匈牙利这片土地。奥斯曼人不得不繁琐地穿越敌对领土才能到达维也纳。匈牙利被占领，但从未被征服。奥斯曼人发起了一支夏季军队，在春天行军，到了夏末才到达，围攻维也纳，然后失败了。
, Writer and Amateur Historian
This brave Italian woman is the first to defy ancient Sicilian tradition by refusing to marry her rapist. The public trial against her rapist became a world-wide phenomenon. She was both vilified and praised for defying Italy’s traditional social conventions.
Franca Viola became a symbol of the cultural progress and emancipation of women in post-war Italy.[1]She completely changed Italy’s view on rehabilitation marriage.
Italy’s historical law allowed a woman to be raped if the rapist married his victim. This was called "reparative marriage.” It was considered natural because a man would be forgiven for his violence and the woman’s honour restored.
Franca Viola was born into a farming family in Southern Italy. She dated Filippo Melodia, a mafia-connected local in his early 20s, for six months in 1963 before rejecting him.
Filippo was furious at the rejection and wanted her back but Viola refused. Knowing that the law was behind him, Filippo resorted to violent measures to kidnap and rape her.
After her father left for work, Filippo Melodia and twelve others who armed themselves broke into their family home and kidnapped Franca by dragging her into a car. They beat up Viola's mother but when they tried to kidnap Franca, her eight-year-old brother, Mariano, refused to let go of his sister. It was decided to take them both.
Mariano was released a few hours later, but Franca was held captive for eight days in the home of Filippo’s sister. After she was raped, Filippo and his sister told Franca that she had no choice but to marry him or become a dishonoured woman.
Franca was released with the belief that she would silenty marry into the Melodia family but they underestimated her courage and determination.
She knew that what happened to her was an abomination and her family supported her decision to sue her captors for kidnapping, “carnal violence,” and intimidation.
Filippo Melodia and his accomplices behind bars.
In a matter of days, the trial made headlines and crowds flocked to the trial debates. According to traditional social norms, an unmarried woman who lost her virginity was shameful. Franca and her family were ostracized, and persecuted by most townspeople in their home. Their vineyard and barn were burned.
Fortunately, the wider public was hugely in her favour and it quickly became obvious to the Italian government that the law promoting “reparative marriages” was at odds with public opinion. Most Italians viewed what happened to Franca as a vile crime and demanded justice.
The court found Filippo Melodia guilty and sentenced him to 11 years in prison (later appealed down to ten), with seven of his accomplices receiving four-year terms.
Franca would go on to marry her childhood friend, Giuseppe Ruisi. She was congratulated by the President of Italy and the Pope.
This courageous woman fought against a backwards tradition and paved the way for more woman to come forward. She unintentionally became a feminist icon in Italy.
For this first time in Italy’s history, gender violence and consent was placed in the spot-light. People became more aware and fought against cruel, backward traditions. Her bravery started the fight for gender-equality and a better world for woman in Italy.
She was a turning point in Italy’s history because she was the first to say, “No.”
（相关问题：意大利历史上的转折点有哪些？）
, 作家和业余历史学家
这位勇敢的意大利妇女是第一个蔑视西西里岛古老传统的人，她拒绝与强奸犯结婚。对她的强奸犯的公开审判使此举成为一个世界性的现象。她因蔑视意大利的传统社会习俗而受到诋毁和赞扬。
弗兰卡-维奥拉成为战后意大利文化进步和妇女解放的象征。[1]她彻底改变了意大利对“修复性婚姻”的看法。
意大利的历史法律允许强奸犯和被强奸的妇女结婚。这被称为"修复性婚姻"。这被认为是自然的，因为如此一来男人的暴力行为会得到宽恕，女人的荣誉也会得到修复。
弗兰卡-维奥拉出生在意大利南部的一个农业家庭。1963年，她与20岁出头、与黑手党有联系的当地人菲利波-梅洛迪亚约会了6个月，然后拒绝了他。
菲利波对被拒感到愤怒，希望她能回心转意，但维奥拉拒绝了。由于知道有法律在背后支持他，菲利波采取了暴力手段，绑架并强奸了她。
在她的父亲去上班后，菲利波-梅洛迪亚和其他12名武装人员闯入他们的家，把弗兰卡拖进一辆汽车，绑架了她。他们殴打了维奥拉的母亲，但当他们试图绑架弗兰卡时，她八岁的弟弟马里亚诺却拒绝放开他的姐姐。于是他们决定把他们两个都带走。
几小时后，马里亚诺被释放，但弗兰卡在菲利波的姐姐家被关押了八天。在她被强奸后，菲利波和他的姐姐告诉弗兰卡，她别无选择，只能嫁给他，否则就会成为一个不光彩的女人。
弗兰卡被释放时菲利波认为她会选择默默地嫁到梅洛迪亚家族，但他们低估了她的勇气和决心。
她知道发生在她身上的事情令人憎恶，她的家人支持她以绑架、“肉体暴力”和恐吓罪名起诉绑架者的决定。
菲利波-梅洛迪亚和他的同伙身陷囹圄。
在短短几天内，该审判成为头条新闻，人群涌向审判辩论会。根据传统的社会规范，一个未婚女子失去贞操是可耻的。弗朗卡和她的家人受到排斥，在家中受到大多数镇民的迫害。他们的葡萄园和谷仓被烧毁。
幸运的是，更多的公众对她大加赞赏，意大利政府很快就发现，提倡"修复性婚姻"的法律与公众意见相悖。大多数意大利人认为发生在弗朗卡身上的事情是一种卑劣的罪行，并要求伸张正义。
法院认定菲利波-梅洛迪亚有罪，判处他11年监禁（后来上诉减至10年），他的7名同伙被判4年监禁。
弗朗卡后来嫁给了她的童年好友朱塞佩-鲁伊斯。意大利总统和教皇都向她表示了祝贺。
这位勇敢的女性与落后的传统作斗争，为更多女性挺身而出铺平了道路。她无意间成为了意大利的女权主义偶像。
这在意大利历史上是第一次，把性别暴力和许可被置于聚光灯下。人们变得更加清醒，并与残酷、落后的传统作斗争。她的勇敢开始了为意大利女性争取性别平等和更美好世界的斗争。
她是意大利历史上的一个转折点，因为她是第一个说"不"的人。
I’m stunned that this happened as recently as 1963!
我震惊了，这竟然是1963年还存在的传统！
Hey, this is still exists in Kyrgisitan. Kidnap, and marry.
I recently read an article, that some 1000 years before this kidnap and marry was practice in Hungary too.
Then later the girl’s task was to organize the whole “kidnapping” before marriing, with the parents compliance. At that time the kidnapping without parental compliance was quite dangerous thing.
嘿，这在吉尔吉斯斯坦仍然存在。绑架婚姻。
我最近读到一篇文章，说这种绑架婚姻之前大约 1000 年，匈牙利也有这种做法。
后来女孩的任务就是在父母的配合下，在婚前组织整个“绑架”事件。在那个时候，没有父母配合的绑架是一件非常危险的事情。
The difference with this practice is that it is a pretend kidnapping. It likely started with non-consensual kidnapping and rape, but now has become part of the marriage ritual. With consent, there is no kidnapping and rape.
这种做法的不同之处在于，它是一种假装的绑架行为。它很可能始于非自愿的绑架和强奸，但现在已经成为了婚姻仪式的一部分。在双方同意的情况下，不存在绑架和强奸。
One of our family friends here in Australia grew up in Sicily. At 16, she and her late husband eloped. Her son recently told me they did this because some other young men were interested in her. That one of them could have come and grabbed her. It makes a lot of sense now. The family is from a village far up on the Eastern slope of Etna.
我在澳大利亚有一个在西西里岛长大的朋友，16岁时，她和她已故的丈夫私奔了。她的儿子最近告诉我，他们这样做是因为其他一些年轻男子对她感兴趣。他们中的一个人可能会来抓她。现在看来，真是很有可能。这家人来自远在埃特纳火山东坡的一个村庄。