你知道的最酷的晦涩历史事实是什么？（3）
What is the coolest obscure historical fact you know?
译文简介
英国首相鲍里斯·约翰逊曾经有资格担任美国总统。
他甚至不是出生在英国，他出生在纽约，在那里生活了最初的几个月。事实上，他有40多年的美国公民身份，只是因为欠国税局的未缴税款才放弃了。约翰逊是迄今为止唯一一位出生在英联邦之外的英国首相。另一位，唯一的、出生在英国以外国家的首相是出生在加拿大的安德鲁·博纳·劳。
鲍里斯·约翰逊（Boris Johnson）的曾祖父阿里·凯末尔（Ali Kemal）不仅有资格担任美国总统，还在1922年被愤怒的暴徒绑架并用棍棒打死之前，是奥斯曼帝国的政府官员。
很有趣，对吧？
正文翻译
What is the coolest obscure historical fact you know?
你知道的最酷的晦涩历史事实是什么？（3）
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Boris Johnson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, was once eligible to be President of the United States.
He was not even born in the U.K. He was born in New York City and lived there for the first few months of his life. In fact, he had American citizenship for over 40 years, and only gave it up because he owed unpaid taxes to the IRS. Johnson is the only British Prime Minister so far to have been born outside the British Commonwealth; the only other Prime Minister to be born outside the U.K is Andrew Bonar Law, who was born in Canada.
As well as being eligible for the American Presidency, Boris Johnson’s great grandfather, Ali Kemal, was a government official for the Ottoman Empire before he was kidnapped and bludgeoned to death in 1922 by an angry mob.
Pretty interesting, right?
英国首相鲍里斯·约翰逊曾经有资格担任美国总统。
他甚至不是出生在英国，他出生在纽约，在那里生活了最初的几个月。事实上，他有40多年的美国公民身份，只是因为欠国税局的未缴税款才放弃了。约翰逊是迄今为止唯一一位出生在英联邦之外的英国首相。另一位，唯一的、出生在英国以外国家的首相是出生在加拿大的安德鲁·博纳·劳。
鲍里斯·约翰逊（Boris Johnson）的曾祖父阿里·凯末尔（Ali Kemal）不仅有资格担任美国总统，还在1922年被愤怒的暴徒绑架并用棍棒打死之前，是奥斯曼帝国的政府官员。
很有趣，对吧？
I don't think you can regain citizenship after you renounce it, and the US Constitution requires that presidents be current citizens, so Boris's plans at reuniting Britain with one of its old colonies has been sadly stifled. Still, pretty cool that he was once eligible for both.
我认为，在你放弃公民身份后，你无法重新获得公民身份，而美国宪法要求总统必须是现任公民，因此鲍里斯让英国与一个旧殖民地重新统一的计划不幸遭到扼杀。不过，很酷，他曾经两个都有资格。
You can, in fact, regain citizenship, as a few people have done. However, you become a naturalized citizen, while the constitution states that one would need to be a natural-born citizen.
I'm not clear on whether this naturalized citizen would also be a natural-born citizen. They were, after all, born in the US. I would guess that no - as the means to acquire terror current citizenship was through naturalization, though I'm not a constitutional lawyer and this is just an educated guess.
事实上，你可以像少数人那样重新获得公民身份。然后，你将成为一名归化公民，而宪法规定你必须是一名天生的公民才可以当上总统。
我不清楚这个归化公民是否也是天生的公民。毕竟，他们出生在美国。我猜不会——因为获得当前公民身份的手段是通过归化，尽管我不是宪法律师，这只是一个有根据的猜测。
Boris Johnson would need to be a current US citizen to run for any elected office in the US, not to mention reside in the US.
He renounced his US citizenship in 2017. In order for Boris to regain citizenship he must begin the process from square one by applying for a visa, like any other immigrant, a process that takes years in most cases. There is no preferential treatment to former citizens unless they were under duress or deemed incompetent at the time of renunciation.
It’s worth mentioning that the process of renouncing US citizenship is difficult. The embassy or consulate will ask the citizen several times in one way or another, ‘are you sure you wish to renounce?’ during the application. Yes, application. You must apply to renounce and if they feel it’s not in the best interest of the citizen to renounce then the request can be rejected.
鲍里斯·约翰逊必须是现任美国公民才能在美国竞选民选职位，还必须居住在美国。
2017年，他放弃了美国国籍。为了让鲍里斯重新获得公民身份，他必须像其他移民一样，从第一步开始申请签证，这一过程在大多数情况下需要数年时间。对前公民没有任何优惠待遇，除非他们在退出时受到胁迫或被认为不称职。
值得一提的是，放弃美国公民身份的过程很困难。在申请放弃的过程中，大使馆或领事馆会以这样或那样的方式多次询问该公民：“你确定要放弃吗？”。是的，申请表。你必须申请放弃，如果他们觉得放弃不符合公民的最佳利益，那么申请可以被拒绝。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
You are kidding yourself if you think this process is immune to preferential treatment for a guy as well connected as him. Maybe it won’t be as blatant as next day approval, but he’s not waiting years/decade like most.
如果你认为，对一个像他一样有人脉的人来说，申请重新获得公民身份也会不受优待，那你是在开玩笑。也许不会做得像在第二天就批准那样明目张胆，但他不会像大多数人那样等待数年或者数十年。
Peter Sperin
In 1947, a single fire caused over $100 million’s worth of damage — equivalent to over $1.1 billion in today’s money.
The Grandcamp was a US ship that served in the Pacific theatre during World War II, but was left stationed in reserve at Philadelphia after the war. As a Cold War gesture, the ship was assigned to the French Line to assist in European rebuilding efforts. On the fateful day when the ship was docked in Texas City, it was carrying twine, machinery, ammunition and most importantly of all, ammonium nitrate. Another ship docked two-hundred metres away from it, the SS High Flyer, was also carrying hundreds of tons of ammonium nitrate and well over a thousand tons of sulphur.
On the morning of the disaster, smoke was spotted in the cargo hold of the Grandcamp and efforts were made to try and extinguish the fire they discovered, but every attempt failed and the flames continued to burn. An hour later, the captain ordered his men to steam the hold; this firefighting method was used to preserve cargo by filling the area with steam instead of drowning everything in water. Again though, it was ineffective, and believed to have perhaps made the fire worse as a result of the increased heat.
1947年，一场火灾造成的损失超过1亿美元，相当于今天的11亿美元。
Grandcamp号是一艘美国军舰，二战期间曾在太平洋战区服役，但战后留在费城作为预备役。作为一种冷战姿态，该船被派往法国，以协助欧洲的重建工作。在这艘货船停靠在德克萨斯市的那一天，船上装载着麻绳、机械、弹药，最重要的是，还装载着硝酸铵。另一艘停靠在200米外的SS High Flyer号也载有数百吨硝酸铵和1000多吨硫磺。
灾难发生的那天早上，在格兰德营地的货舱里发出了浓烟，人们努力试图扑灭他们发现的大火，但每次尝试都失败了，火焰继续燃烧。一个小时后，船长命令他的人用蒸汽将货舱打开。这种灭火方法是用来保存货物的，方法是用蒸汽填充该区域，而不是将所有物品淹没在水中。尽管如此，它仍然无效，据信可能是由于热量增加而使火势恶化。
The ship detonated and caused an explosion so big that it produced a 4.5 metre wave that could be seen a hundred miles away, destroyed a thousand buildings as well as a chemical plant, igniting its refineries and chemical tanks. This GIF captures the moment of the enormous explosion:
Thick, black smoke engulfed the sunlight, shrouding the area in darkness, and flaming twine rained down from the sky. The ship’s anchor was hurled across the city and left a three-metre crater upon landing, two aeroplanes in flight were brought down as their wings were shorn off and even ten miles away in Galveston, half of the windows in the area shattered.
围观群众被吸引到现场，他们认为自己处于安全距离。过了一会儿，蒸汽压力将舱口吹开，黄橙色的烟雾滚滚而出。这一不同寻常的景象吸引了更多的围观群众，但此时，火势已经达到了一个临界点——火势如此之热，以至于船周围的水因高温而沸腾，溅到船体上的水立即蒸发成蒸汽。随后，货舱和甲板开始膨胀，直到上午9点12分，上升的热量和压力达到临界点。
这艘船爆了，并引发了巨大的爆炸，产生了4.5米的巨浪，在100英里外都能看到，摧毁了1000栋建筑和一座化工厂，点燃了炼油厂和化工储罐。有照片捕捉到了巨大爆炸的瞬间：
浓浓的黑烟吞没了阳光，黑暗笼罩着这片区域，燃烧的麻绳从天空中倾泻而下。这艘船的锚被抛到了城市，在着陆时留下了一个三米深的弹坑，两架飞行中的飞机机翼被刮下，甚至在十英里外的加尔维斯顿，一半的窗户被震碎。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
It didn’t stop there either.
Over 5,700 tons of steel shrapnel was blown into the air at supersonic speed and the explosion ignited the ammonium nitrate on High Flyer. Crews spent hours trying to move the ship, without success. Five hours after smoke had begun pouring out of the ship and about fifteen hours after the Grandcamp’s explosion, High Flyer exploded too. Another nearby ship was demolished:
more shrapnel was blown into the sky and the ship’s propeller was thrust a mile inland.
It was the biggest industrial accident in American history, with over 5,000 people injured and nearly 600 killed. Over 500 homes were destroyed, leaving 2,000 people homeless. The seaport was destroyed, businesses were flattened and well over a thousand vehicles were destroyed. The whole disaster triggered the first ever class-action lawsuit against the US government.
Today, there are a number of memorials to the catastrophe and the aforementioned anchor and propeller form part of them:
它也没有就此止步。
超过5700吨的钢制弹片以超音速被吹向空中，爆炸点燃了High Flyer号上的硝酸铵。船员们花了数小时试图移动High Flyer号，但没有成功。在烟雾开始从船上涌出五个小时后，在格兰德营地爆炸大约十五个小时后，High Flyer号也发生了爆炸。附近的另一艘船被摧毁：
更多的弹片被吹向天空，船的螺旋桨被推进内陆一英里。
这是美国历史上最大的工业事故，5000多人受伤，近600人死亡。500多所房屋被毁，2000人无家可归。海港被毁，企业被夷为平地，1000多辆汽车被毁。整个灾难引发了有史以来第一次针对美国政府的集体诉讼。
今天，还有许多纪念这场灾难的纪念碑，上面提到的锚和螺旋桨就是其中的一部分：
-------------------------
Brayden Swanson
Let's see, some of my favourites:
Diogenes, a Greek philosopher who chose to live naked in a barrel because he didn't believe in owning anything you didn't absolutely need, was met by Alexander the Great who offered him a favour. He asked Alexander to move over since he was standing in the way of the sun. When Alexander remarked ‘if I were not Alexander, I would want to be Diogenes’ Diogenes replied ‘if I were not Diogenes, I would also want to be Diogenes.’
Ancient Rome accidentally built a sewer system. The pipes were originally intended to drain swamps for more land to build on, but once they were finished people basically just figured ‘hey, if we throw all our waste down there, we won't have to deal with it’.
Speaking of sewers, the entire freaking city of Chicago was raised up on jacks in the 19th century so a sewer system could be built underneath it.
The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in America is not a tomb and doesn't contain an unknown soldier. While the man who was previously buried there was originally unidentified, in the 90s his family, who suspected it might be him, requested a DNA test and were granted it, proving it was his remains; he was buried with military honours elsewhere and the monument has remained empty since.
Longbowmen had to train from a very young age because proper use of the weapon requires you to affect your own skeletal development through repeated strain. Nobody alive today can possibly use the weapon as well as it was intended.
The first settlers to New Zealand only arrived around 1200AD, just a few centuries before European explorers. Before that no human had reached the land.
During WWII, American supply ships needed to load themselves with weight on the journey back for balance, and some used rubble from Bristol since it was the easiest option. This rubble was later used to construct artificial land and new buildings in New York, meaning part of New York is literally built from the ground up out of Bristol.
Pirate captains were usually democratically elected, and could be reelected at any time outside of battle.
Ethiopia had a powerful, advanced, and centuries-old empire and was never colonised by Europe due to overwhelming military power. The fact we never talk about this, the fact we don't have movies and video games set in the Ethiopian Empire is insane.
让我看看，我最喜欢的一些：
1、希腊哲学家提奥奇尼斯选择赤身裸体地生活在桶里，因为他不相信，你需要拥有任何你不绝对需要的东西。曾经帮过他一个忙的亚历山大大帝会见了他。他要求亚历山大让开，因为他挡住了太阳。当亚历山大说“如果我不是亚历山大，我想成为提奥奇尼斯”时，提奥奇尼斯回答说，“如果我不是提奥奇尼斯，我也想成为提奥奇尼斯。”
2、古罗马无意中建造了一个下水道系统。这些管道最初是用来排干沼泽地的水，以便拥有更多的土地，但一旦完成，人们基本上只是想‘嘿，如果我们把所有的垃圾都扔到那里，我们就不必处理了’。
3、说到下水道，整个芝加哥市都是在19世纪用千斤顶建造起来的，所以可以在它下面建造一个下水道系统。
4、美国无名士兵的坟墓不是坟墓，也不包含无名士兵。之前埋葬在那里的男子最初身份不明，但在90年代，他的家人怀疑可能是他，要求进行DNA测试，并获得批准，证明这是他的遗体，然后，他在其他地方以军事荣誉下葬，此后纪念碑一直空无一人。
5、长弓运动员必须从小就开始训练，因为正确使用长弓武器需要你通过反复的练习来影响自己的骨骼发育。今天活着的人都不可能像预期的那样使用这种武器。
6、第一批移民到新西兰是在公元1200年左右，比欧洲探险家早几个世纪。在此之前，没有人到达过这片土地。
7、二战期间，美国补给船需要在返回途中装载重物以保持平衡，有些补给船使用布里斯托尔的碎石，因为这是最简单的选择。这些碎石后来被用于在纽约建造人造土地和新建筑，这意味着纽约的一部分实际上是从布里斯托尔的地面上建造起来的。
8、海盗船长通常是由民主选举产生的，在战斗之外的任何时候都可以连任。
9、埃塞俄比亚有一个强大、先进、有数百年历史的帝国，由于强大的军事力量，它从未被欧洲殖民。事实上，我们从来没有谈论过这一点，事实上我们没有设计过关于埃塞俄比亚帝国的电影和电子游戏，这真是疯狂。
Joshua May
A kingdom with somewhat Neolithic era technology managed to annihilate an entire late medi era Spanish Army. Yes, you have read that sentence correctly. A kingdom with extremely primitive technology managed to wipe out an entire Spanish force and almost drove them to the sea.
The Spanish tried to conquer the Canary Islands in 1494 (just 2 years after Colombus discovered the Americas) and enslave the “primitive” Guanche kingdoms. However they were ambushed in some ravine by a native force. Due to the terrain, the Spanish were unable to bring out their technological advantages, like their cavalry and muskets. The Guanches, armed with only wooden spears and stones, managed to butcher 80% of an entire Spanish army. Only the expedition leader and a handful of survivors managed to escape the wrath of the Guanches. 1,000 men out of the force of 1,200 Spaniards died at the hands of the Guanches.
However, the Spanish were able to regroup their forces. Within a few months, the better prepared Spanish expedition was able to completely trounce the Guanches in just 3 hours. Ironically the final defeat of the Guanches was located at the exact same ravine that the Guanches annihilated the Spanish. Several of the Guanches that survived the battle either committed suicide or were enslaved by the Spanish.
Today, the Guanches are all but extinct (with a lot of interbreeding with the Spanish), as a hideous side-effect of Spanish persecution. However it is still a very fascinating occurrence that an almost stone age era culture was able to wipe out a much more well-equipped force.
A painting taken from a Spanish comic depicting Guanche warriors in combat with Spanish soldiers.
一个拥有新石器时代技术的王国成功地消灭了整个中世纪晚期的西班牙军队。是的，你没看错。一个拥有极其原始技术的王国成功地消灭了整个西班牙军队，几乎把他们逼到了海里。
1494年，西班牙人试图征服加那利群岛（仅在科伦坡发现美洲后两年），并奴役“原始”的关车王国。然而，他们在一些峡谷中遭到了当地军队的伏击。由于地形原因，西班牙人无法发挥他们的技术优势，比如骑兵和步枪。关奇人只携带木矛和石头，他们成功地屠杀了整个西班牙军队的80%的人。只有探险队队长和少数幸存者逃脱了关奇人的愤怒。1200名西班牙人中有1000人死于关奇人之手。
后来，西班牙人重新集结了他们的部队。几个月内，准备得更好的西班牙远征队仅在3小时内就彻底击溃了关奇人。具有讽刺意味的是，关奇人的最后一次溃败就在关奇人消灭西班牙人的同一个峡谷里。在战斗中幸存下来的几名关奇人要么自杀，要么被西班牙人奴役。
如今，作为西班牙迫害的可怕副作用，关奇人几乎灭绝了（与西班牙人进行了大量杂交）。然而，一种几乎是石器时代的文化能够消灭一支装备精良得多的军队，这仍然是一件非常有趣的事情。
这幅画取材于西班牙漫画，描绘了关奇战士与西班牙士兵作战的情景。
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