为什么“收复失地运动”没有向北非发展？
Why didn’t Reconquista happen in North Africa?
译文简介
虽然中世纪的一些卡斯蒂利亚国王梦想梦想通过征服北非的穆斯林土地并因此重建古罗马的西班牙省来继续与穆斯林作战，但这只是梦想，从未达到迅速或最终执行的准备计划阶段。
正文翻译
Why didn’t Reconquista happen in North Africa?
为什么“收复失地运动”没有向北非发展？
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, curious about history
Answered Jan 20
While some Castilian kings during the Middle Ages dreamed of continuing their fight against the Muslims by conquering Muslim lands in North Africa and therefore rebuilding the ancient Roman province of Hispania, they were just dreams, that never reached the stage of preparatory planning for prompt or eventual execution.
After the Granada conquest, the focus of the Spanish kingdoms changed. Ferdinand the Catholic, after his wife Isabella died, centered all his attention on wars in Italy, Charles V became so involved in fights in France and Germany that set aside any conflict in North Africa, as did his son Phillip II, more worried about the Dutch independence war.
But the looting of Spanish coastal cities by Muslim pirates assisted by the Moriscos expelled after the Granada conquest became so problematic that part of the Castilian/Aragonese navies decided to conquer some Muslim harbors in North Africa to control it. By the early 16th century, Aragón or Castile controlled the most important coastal cities in North Africa, as shown on this map.
They were never intended to conquer any territory in Africa, just to control the piracy by taking the most important pirate bases. Some of those cities, such as Melilla, still belong to Spain today, some remained Spanish for centuries as Oran, others were lost to the Ottomans in the following years or centuries.
虽然中世纪的一些卡斯蒂利亚国王梦想梦想通过征服北非的穆斯林土地并因此重建古罗马的西班牙省来继续与穆斯林作战，但这只是梦想，从未达到迅速或最终执行的准备计划阶段。
格拉纳达被征服后，西班牙王国的重点发生了变化。天主教徒斐迪南在他的妻子伊莎贝拉去世后，将所有的注意力集中在意大利的战争上，查理五世卷入了法国和德国的战斗中，将北非的任何冲突都放在了一边，他的儿子菲利普二世也一样，更担心的是荷兰的独立战争。
但是，在征服格拉纳达后，穆斯林海盗在摩里斯科人的协助下对西班牙沿海城市的抢劫变得逐渐成为一大问题，以至于部分卡斯蒂利亚/阿拉贡海军决定征服北非的一些穆斯林港口以控制局势。到16世纪初，阿拉贡或卡斯蒂利亚控制了北非最重要的沿海城市，如本图所示：
他们从未想过要征服非洲的任何领土，只是想通过占领最重要的海盗基地来控制海盗活动。其中一些城市，如梅利利亚，在今天仍然属于西班牙，一些城市像奥兰一样在西班牙人手中保留了几个世纪，其他城市则在随后的几年或几个世纪中被奥斯曼人夺走。
Very interesting, I didn’t have a clue about Spain taking port cities in North Africa, I knew about Ceuta and Melilla.
Do you think also the discovery, conquest and colonization of the New World had any weight on their decision to stop attacking North Africa?
非常有趣，我对西班牙占领北非的港口城市了解的不多，只知道休达和梅利利亚。
你认为新大陆的发现、征服和殖民化对他们停止进攻北非的决定是否有影响？
Probably, but not much. During the first century, the conquest of American lands was done by privateers or armies made of volunteers, some of them veterans of former wars in Europe but not under the direct control of the king though the King’s representative, eventually the viceroy, tried to manage those armies, unsuccessfully usually. Those soldiers were expecting some rewards in metals or lands. Subsequently, some professional armies were also sent to the Americas, but up to then, they were needed and used in the European theater.
可能吧，但不多。在发现新大陆的第一个世纪，对美洲土地的征服是由私掠者或志愿者组成的军队完成的，其中一些人是以前在欧洲打过仗的老兵，但不在国王的直接控制之下，尽管国王的代表，即总督，试图管理这些军队，但通常都不成功。这些士兵期望得到一些金属或土地的奖励。后来，一些职业军队也被派往美洲，但直到那时，他们都主要是在欧洲战场上被需要和使用的。
Makes sense, I have read about Latam history and the near autonomy of the Spanish viceroyalty during the conquest of the Americas. The king tried to control them to respect the Indian right but in most places it didn't work. the ones who had Indian wives of course favor the better treatment of their children's and wifes. It was just to far.
I am surprised these mercenaries didn't became warlords ruling over their own domains.
I always defend the early Spanish in America because like you said later professional armies, nobles and actual settlers arrived. They were not as bad, as let say the British xenophobia. but the firt’s were basically PTSD, veteran, mercenaries.
Now, that I think about it, it does make sense like you said to have your loyal and best troops near for Spain for it’s European war’s.
有道理，我读过拉美历史和西班牙总督府在征服美洲时的近乎自治的情况。国王试图控制他们以尊重印第安人的权利，但在大多数地方都不起作用。有印第安人妻子的人当然更喜欢提高他们的孩子和妻子的待遇。因为平时做得实在是太过分了。
我很惊讶这些雇佣兵没有成为统治他们自己领地的军阀。
我总是为美洲的早期西班牙人辩护，因为像你说的那样，后来职业军队、贵族和真正的定居者来到了美洲。他们并不像英国的排外主义那样糟糕。但第一批来到新大陆的人基本上是创伤后应激障碍者、老兵和雇佣兵。
现在，我想了想，像你说的那样，让你忠诚和最好的部队留在西班牙，为它在欧洲的战争服务，确实是有道理的。
We tend to look at the past through our own eyes, and people forget that controlling someone at the other side of the Atlantic before steamships and the telegraph was just about impossible.
我们倾向于用现代的的眼光来看待过去，人们忘记了在蒸汽船和电报之前，控制大西洋另一端的人几乎是不可能的。
Exactly, and In favor of Spain I found Iberian Colonization better than Anglo-Saxon colonization who while they repressed the natives cultures the natives cultures mixed and created something new. there still so much Native word's that survived because the Spanish treated the Natives that allied with them with rewards and tittles.
Like I said to Don Germes in another post Puerto Rico most of ots towns are named after Native Chiefdoms or chiefs or just names in Taino Humacao, Orocobis, Utuado, Bayamon, Cayey, Caguas, Luquillo etc same can be seen all over Latin America and Brazil.
Did they do bad? Yes, they did. If I would change the past and in the process eliminate myself? I would in a heartbeat. But it is what it is, and under the circumstances like you said I am surprised how much is left but is sad to think how much more was lost too.
没错，我认为伊比利亚人的殖民比盎格鲁-撒克逊人的殖民要好，盎格鲁-撒克逊殖民者在压制原住民文化的同时，原住民文化也在混合，创造了新的东西。由于西班牙人用奖励和头衔对待与他们结盟的土著人，所以拉丁美洲仍然有很多土著词幸存下来。
就像我在另一篇文章中对唐-杰姆斯说的那样，波多黎各的大部分城镇都是以原住民酋长或首领的名字命名的，或者只是用泰诺语Humacao、Orocobis、Utuado、Bayamon、Cayey、Caguas、Luquillo等命名，同样的情况在拉丁美洲和巴西都可以看到。
他们做坏事了吗？是的，他们做了。如果我能改变过去，即使在这个过程中消灭后世的自己的存在，我也会毫不犹豫地这么做。但事实已经是这样了，在你所说的情况下，我很惊讶还有这么多东西能留下，但想到还有这么多东西失去了，就很难过。
These days, kids who haven´t fought a real revolution or a real war in their lives, post something on Facebook from their iPhones and they think that makes them better than the heroes of the past.
Funny how our Latin American professional complainers always look at the US, but never at the other 40 or 50 brilliant “successes” of British colonisation, like India, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, or, much closer to home, Jamaica or Guyana.
这些天来，那些生活中没有经历过真正的革命或真正的战争的孩子们用他们的 iPhone 在 Facebook上发布一些东西，他们认为这些东西让他们比过去的英雄更好。
有趣的是，我们的拉丁美洲的专业抱怨者总是看美国，但从不看英国殖民的其他 40 或 50 个辉煌“成功”的案例，比如印度、孟加拉国、尼日利亚、塞拉利昂，或者离家乡更近的牙买加或圭亚那。
And yet in eu4, the spaniards or the portuguese ALWAYS conquer north africa
然而在欧陆风云4中，西班牙人或葡萄牙人总是能征服北非。
“They were never intended to conquer any territory in Africa, just to control the piracy by taking the most important pirate bases.”
That’s not true, Portugal regularly attacked Morocco for land, and even launched a “crusade” to conquer some large chunks of it (at first coastal cities, but at least one king got the idea of trying to conquer the inside too). This happened during a time of internal turmoil in Morocco where not much resistance could be given, and the Iberian kingdoms abused this and kept attacking and raiding the North African kingdom. Succeeding Moroccan dynasties managed to eventually reestablish control over the region, to stop the Christian attempts at conquering Morocco and even to revert some of these losses. Same thing for Spain, they regularly attacked the North African coasts and conquered many cities, of which only Ceuta and Melilla are left today, as a reminder of these violent and turbulent times.
Battle of Alcácer Quibir
“他们从来没有打算征服非洲的任何领土，只是为了通过占领最重要的海盗基地来控制海盗活动。”
事实并非如此，葡萄牙经常袭击摩洛哥以获得土地，甚至发动“十字军”以试图征服大片土地（起初是沿海城市，但至少有一位国王有过尝试征服内部的想法）。这发生在摩洛哥内部动荡时期，无法给予太多抵抗，伊比利亚王国利用这一点，不断攻击和袭击北非王国。随后的摩洛哥王朝最终设法重新控制了该地区，阻止了基督徒征服摩洛哥的企图，甚至挽回了早前的一些损失。西班牙也是如此，他们经常袭击北非海岸并征服了许多城市，其中今天只剩下休达和梅利利亚，以提醒人们这些暴力和动荡的时代。
阿尔卡塞基比尔战役--维基百科
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
would it have been possible to destroy some of those coastal towns, raze it and move the population to deny the pirates a base?
是否有可能摧毁其中一些沿海城镇，将其夷为平地，并迁移人口，使海盗没有基地？
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
That obxtive was achieved by stationing soldiers and sailors in those cities as well as some ships. It did not stop piracy always, since it was quite easy to find some other bay or small island as a new harbor or move further to the East.
这一目标是通过在这些城市派驻士兵和水手以及一些船只来实现的。这并不总是能阻止海盗行为，因为很容易找到其他海湾或小岛作为新的港口，或进一步向东移动。
In Africa Islam had already imposed its religion and language. Spains reconquista did not have the power to invade a whole continent. Europe had plenty of Christian wars to attend to.
在非洲，伊斯兰教已经将其宗教和语言强加于人。西班牙的再征服行动没有能力入侵整个大陆。欧洲有很多基督教的战争需要处理。
They actually tried and were defeated : Battle of Alcácer Quibir - Wikipedia
Also piracy wasn’t only problematic for spaniards but also for “muslims” :
"Alongside transportation limitations, fear of captivity was another factor that militated against travel and familiarity.40 From the initial attacks on the North African coast by Portuguese pirates and navies in the fifteenth century, and throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Iberians, the French, the British, the Maltese, and the Italians were active in the seizure of men, women, and children for domestic and transatlantic slavery. In the Spanish attack on Oran in 1511, four thousand Muslims were killed and more than eight thousand taken captive; and in the attack on Tripoli in July of the year after, the Christians took more than fi fteen thousand captives.41 In the “black years” of 1521–1522, nearly sixty thousand Moroccans were seized and deported to Eu rope;42 and after repulsing Charles V in his attempt on Algiers in 1541, thousands of slaves were liberated, some originating in “the Maghrib [Morocco], some in Algiers and some in Tunis.”43 In the fi rst three de cades of the sixteenth century, according to Ahmad Bu Sharab’s extensive study of the Portuguese Inquisition rec ords, there were more than one hundred thousand captives and slaves in the country;44 there was a similar number in Spain in that century.45 Captivity was a danger that the Magharibi continued to face well into the eigh teenth century (see translation #15)."
Nabil Matar, Europe through Arab Eyes, pp. 13
他们确实尝试过，但被打败了，见：阿尔卡塞尔基比尔之战 - 维基百科
此外，海盗行为不仅对西班牙人来说是一个问题，对"穆斯林"来说也是一个问题。
"40：从15世纪葡萄牙海盗和海军对北非海岸的最初攻击开始，到整个16和17世纪，伊比利亚人、法国人、英国人、马耳他人和意大利人都在积极为其国内和跨大西洋的奴隶制夺取男人、女人和儿童。在1511年西班牙对奥兰的攻击中，四千名穆斯林被杀，八千多人被俘；在第二年7月对的黎波里的攻击中，基督教徒带走了一万五千多名俘虏。在1521-1522年的"黑色岁月"中，近6万名摩洛哥人被抓获并被驱逐到欧罗巴；42：在1541年击退查理五世对阿尔及尔的企图后，成千上万的奴隶被解放出来，其中一些来自"马格里布[摩洛哥]，一些来自阿尔及尔，一些来自突尼斯。"根据艾哈迈德-布-沙拉布对葡萄牙宗教裁判所记录的广泛研究，在16世纪的前三十年，该国有超过10万名俘虏和奴隶；44：在该世纪，西班牙也有着类似的数量。45：囚禁是马格里布人一直到18世纪都面临的危险（见第15号翻译）。
纳比尔马塔尔，《阿拉伯人眼中的欧洲》，第13页。
My answer was focused on Spain. Battle of Alcácer Quibir was a Poruguese action.
The piracy started when Muslims helped by Moriscos looted Spanish towns and cities. In the Conquest of Tunis (1535) around 9,000 Christians were freed from slavery. In the Battle of Lepanto 12,000 Christians was also freed from slavery.
Some additional information from Barbary slave trade - Wikipedia:
“Davis estimates that slave traders from Tunis, Algiers, and Tripoli alone enslaved 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans in North Africa, from the beginning of the 16th century to the middle of the 18th (these numbers do not include the European people who were enslaved by Morocco and by other raiders and traders of the Mediterranean Sea coast).”
“Sixteenth- and 17th-century customs statistics suggest that Istanbul's additional slave imports from the Black Sea may have totaled around 2.5 million from 1450 to 1700.”
“it is thought that around 8,500 new slaves were needed annually to replenish numbers - about 850,000 captives over the century from 1580 to 1680. By extension, for the 250 years between 1530 and 1780, the figure could easily have been as high as 1,250,000”
“While Barbary corsairs looted the cargo of ships they captured, their primary goal was to capture non-Muslim people for sale as slaves or for ransom. Those who had family or friends who might ransom them were held captive; the most famous of these was the author Miguel de Cervantes, who was held for almost five years - from 1575 to 1580”
“From at least 1500, the pirates also conducted raids on seaside towns of Italy, Spain, France, England, the Netherlands and as far away as Iceland, capturing men, women, and children. In 1544, Hayreddin Barbarossa captured the island of Ischia, taking 4,000 prisoners, and enslaved some 2,000–7,000 inhabitants of Lipari. In1551, Ottoman corsair Dragut enslaved the entire population of the Maltese island of Gozo, between 5,000 and 6,000, sending them to Ottoman Tripolitania. In 1554 corsairs under Dragut sacked Vieste, beheaded 5,000 of its inhabitants, and abducted another 6,000. The Balearic Islands were invaded in 1558, and 4,000 people were taken into slavery. In 1618 the Algerian pirates attacked the Canary Islands taking 1000 captives to be sold as slaves.”
and many similar cases.
我的回答主要针对西班牙。阿尔卡塞尔基比尔战役是葡萄牙人的行动。
海盗活动始于穆斯林在莫里斯科人的帮助下对西班牙城镇进行抢劫。在突尼斯征服战中（1535年），大约有9000名基督徒被从奴隶制中解放出来。在莱庞托战役中，又有12000名基督徒被从奴隶制中解放出来。
一些补充信息来自：巴巴里奴隶贸易--维基百科。
"戴维斯估计，从16世纪初到18世纪中叶，仅来自突尼斯、阿尔及尔和的黎波里的奴隶贩子就在北非奴役了100万到125万欧洲人（这些数字不包括被摩洛哥和地中海沿岸其他袭击者和商人奴役的欧洲人）。"
"16世纪和17世纪的海关统计数据表明，从1450年到1700年，伊斯坦布尔从黑海进口的额外奴隶可能总共有250万左右。"
"据认为，每年需要大约8500名新奴隶来补充数量--从1580年到1680年的一个世纪里，大约有85万名俘虏。推而广之，在1530年至1780年的250年间，这一数字很容易就会达到125万"
"虽然巴巴里海盗抢劫了他们所捕获的船只的货物，但他们的主要目标是捕获非穆斯林人，作为奴隶或赎金出售。那些有家人或朋友可能会赎回他们的人被关押起来；其中最有名的是作家米格尔-德-塞万提斯，他被关押了将近五年--从1575年到1580年"
"至少从1500年开始，海盗们还对意大利、西班牙、法国、英国、荷兰以及远在冰岛的海滨城镇进行了袭击，俘虏了男人、女人和儿童。1544年，巴巴罗萨海雷丁占领了伊斯基亚岛，俘虏了4000人，并奴役了约2000-7000名利帕里的居民。1551年，奥斯曼海盗德拉古特奴役了马耳他戈佐岛的全部人口，约5000至6000人，将他们送往奥斯曼帝国的黎波里塔尼亚。1554年，德拉古特手下的海盗们洗劫了维埃斯特，斩首了5000名居民，并绑架了另外6000人。1558年，巴利阿里群岛被入侵，4000人被抓去当奴隶。1618年，阿尔及利亚海盗袭击了加那利群岛，带走了1000名俘虏，作为奴隶出售"。
以及许多类似的案例。
Controlling those locations basicly meant that North-Africa near them was under their authority, because much of it is desert or non-developed.
You also forget to mention the conquista around africa especially in east-coast africa, where the portuguese acted very cruel on what they called moorish/black-muslim settlements.
控制这些地方基本意味着附近的北非土地在他们的管辖之下，因为大部分地方都是沙漠或未开发的地方。
你还忘了提到对非洲周围的征服，特别是在非洲东海岸，葡萄牙人对他们所谓的摩尔人/黑人穆斯林定居点的行为非常残忍。
I think if Charles V and Phillip II had not been obsessed with bringing most of Europe to Catholicism again by conflict, where they squandered the American gold on weapons and armies, they would of easily conquered North Africa during the Renaissance instead and have some more wealth left over.
我认为，如果查理五世和菲利普二世没有执着于通过冲突使欧洲大部分地区再次信奉天主教，把从美洲来的黄金挥霍在武器和军队上，他们就会在文艺复兴时期轻松地征服北非，并有更多的财富留下。
Mostly due to France which allied with the Ottomans to check the influence of the Holy Roman Empire and the discovery of the New World which occupied the attention of the Spanish.
主要是由于法国与奥斯曼人结盟以遏制神圣罗马帝国的影响，而新大陆的发现则占据了西班牙人的注意力。
, Nigerian with a history degree.
Answered Jan 1, 2021
It did.
The Portuguese conquered Ceuta in 1415. The Holy Roman Empire under the Spanish Hapsburg, Charles V, also conquered Tunis in 1535.
The Reconquista was a global crusade against the Muslims. Vasco da Gama flew the crusader flag into Asia. He treated Muslims that did not submit according to the standards of the conflict. At one point, he even massacred a vessel full of Muslim pilgrims.
The problem from the perspective of the crusaders was that the North Africans were not as weak as the Party States (The Taifa, if you are a spoilsport) of the Iberian peninsula.
The Saadi dynasty in Morocco with burgeoning sugar exports reforged a powerful Moroccan State. Everybody knows that Queen Elizabeth I had rotten teeth due to her love for sugar. That sugar was likely Moroccan. In return, the English, no friends of the Catholics, sold the Saadi top of the line armaments.
They put them to good use at the battle of Three Kings in 1578. It is so named because two kings came to war and died, leaving the third to be crowned victorious, literally. Sadly for the Portuguese, they lost that battle. Their defeat led to dynastic conflict and a coerced unx with Spain under the Spanish Hapsburg, Phillip II. He of the Philippines and the Spanish armada.
The rest of North Africa soon came under the sway of the Ottomans. A vastly more powerful force than the tottering polities they replaced. They and the Omanis pushed the Portuguese out of the Red Sea.
The Ottoman takeover also shifted the strategic map. The Reconquista was now fought on the frontiers of Vienna. The centuries-long conflict between Islam and Christendom on the Mediterranean frontier had fizzled out. It was now left to pirates operating out of North African ports to keep its embers from completely dying.
Meanwhile, Luther (and the ambition/true belief of German princes, Dutch merchants and Tudor monarchs) had shattered Christendom. These new Protestants proved every bit as formidable an enemy to the Catholic Iberians as the doughtiest Muslim ghazi had ever been.
Amidst all that, France, the very kingdom of Saint Louis IX, had a heel turn and made peace with the Muslims. ‘Reasons of State’. The wars of religion did not quite die at the hands of King Francis I. However, all those distractions sapped the energy of its primary exponent: the Habsburg Empire under its Spanish Princes. It was put to rest in due course; naturally, by another French Statesman.
Tfw you crush the Protestants, for ‘Reasons of State’, while pondering how to funnel more gold to the Protestants, also for ‘Reasons of State’.
他们有这么做。
葡萄牙人在1415年征服了休达。西班牙哈斯堡王朝的神圣罗马帝国查理五世也在1535年征服了突尼斯。
再征服行动是一场针对穆斯林的全球性十字军东征。瓦斯科-达-伽马将十字军的旗帜打到了亚洲。他按照冲突的标准来对待那些不服从的穆斯林。有一次，他甚至屠杀了一艘满载穆斯林朝圣者的船只。
从十字军的角度来看，问题在于北非人并不像伊比利亚半岛的小国那样弱小。
摩洛哥的萨迪王朝以蓬勃发展的糖业出口重新锻造了一个强大的摩洛哥国家。每个人都知道，伊丽莎白一世女王由于喜欢吃糖而有一口烂牙。这种糖很可能是摩洛哥的。作为没有天主教徒朋友的回报，英国人向萨迪人出售了最先进的武器装备。
他们在1578年的三王之战中好好利用了它们。之所以如此命名，是因为有两位国王参战并阵亡，而第三位国王则加冕胜利。对葡萄牙人来说可悲的是，他们输掉了那场战斗。他们的失败导致了王朝的冲突，并在西班牙哈斯堡的菲利普二世的胁迫下与西班牙联合。他是菲律宾和西班牙舰队的指挥官。
北非的其他地区很快就在奥斯曼人的控制之下。这是一支比他们所取代的那些摇摇欲坠的政体更强大的力量。他们和阿曼人将葡萄牙人赶出了红海。
奥斯曼帝国的接管也改变了战略地图。现在，"再征服运动"已经转移到了维也纳的边疆进行。伊斯兰教和基督教在地中海边疆长达几个世纪的冲突已经消失了。现在只剩下在北非港口活动的海盗，以保持其余烬不完全熄灭。
与此同时，路德（以及德国诸侯、荷兰商人和都铎王朝君主的野心/真实信仰）已经把基督教世界打了个粉碎。事实证明，这些新教徒对天主教的伊比利亚人来说是一个可怕的敌人，就像最粗犷的穆斯林加齐一样。
在这一切中，法国，圣路易九世王国，以翻天覆地的变化与穆斯林达成了和平。理由是"国家利益"。宗教战争并没有在国王弗朗西斯一世手中完全消亡。然而，所有这些干扰都耗尽了其主要表现者--西班牙王子领导的哈布斯堡帝国的能量。在适当的时候，这波宗教狂热被平息了；自然是由另一位法国政治家。
为了“国家的利益”你要粉碎新教徒，同时也是为了“国家的利益”你要思考如何为新教徒输送更多的金子。--黎塞留
Daniel Vianna
The Reconquista is the reason the Portuguese rounded Africa and conquered ports all around the Indian Ocean. However by the time they lixed with Ethiopia in hopes of attacking the Holy Land by two fronts, the tiny Iberian kingdom was, let’s say, overextended trying to suppress Muslims from trading on two oceans which existence they did not foresee.
Crossing the Gibraltar strait was hard enough. Portugal’s plan B was to cross the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, suppress Muslim trade everywhere and then launch a pincer attack from both sides of Africa into the Holy Land. Boggles my mind that the first part of plan B (conquering port cities and suppressing Muslim sea trade) was somewhat successful. But obviously they didn’t have enough power to embark and feed large armies so far away from home.
再征服运动是葡萄牙人绕过非洲和征服印度洋周围港口的原因。然而，当他们与埃塞俄比亚联系在一起，希望通过两条战线进攻圣地的时候，这个小小的伊比利亚王国，可以说，已经过度扩张了，试图压制穆斯林在两个大洋上的贸易。
穿越直布罗陀海峡已经很困难了。葡萄牙的B计划是穿越大西洋和印度洋，压制各地的穆斯林贸易，然后从非洲的两边向圣地发起钳形攻击。令我困惑的是，B计划的第一部分（征服港口城市和压制穆斯林的海上贸易）在某种程度上是成功的。但显然他们没有足够的力量在离家这么远的地方装载和喂养大军。
Politics always triumphs over religion eventually for better or for worse.
政治最终总是战胜宗教，无论好坏。
Would you consider the conquest of America an extension of the Reconquista? And why or why not?
你是否认为对美洲的征服是"再征服"的延伸？以及为什么是或为什么不是？
It started out that way, but it changed when they realised that they were dealing with an entirely different world.
一开始是这样，但当他们意识到他们面对的是一个完全不同的世界时，情况发生了变化。