研究发现，全球各地的微生物正在进化出“吃”塑料的能力
Bugs across globe are evolving to eat plastic, study finds
译文简介
根据一项研究，全球海洋和土壤中的微生物正在进化以吃掉塑料。
正文翻译
Microbes in oceans and soils across the globe are evolving to eat plastic, according to a study.
根据一项研究，全球海洋和土壤中的微生物正在进化以吃掉塑料。
The research scanned more than 200m genes found in DNA samples taken from the environment and found 30,000 different enzymes that could degrade 10 different types of plastic.
这项研究扫描了从环境中提取的DNA样本中发现的2亿多个基因，发现了3万种不同的酶，可以降解10种不同类型的塑料。
这项研究扫描了从环境中提取的DNA样本中发现的2亿多个基因，发现了3万种不同的酶，可以降解10种不同类型的塑料。
The study is the first large-scale global assessment of the plastic-degrading potential of bacteria and found that one in four of the organisms analysed carried a suitable enzyme. The researchers found that the number and type of enzymes they discovered matched the amount and type of plastic pollution in different locations.
这项研究是对细菌降解塑料潜力的首次大规模全球性评估，并发现被分析的微生物中有四分之一带有一种合适的酶。研究人员发现，他们发现的酶的数量和类型与不同地区塑料污染的数量和类型相匹配。
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这项研究是对细菌降解塑料潜力的首次大规模全球性评估，并发现被分析的微生物中有四分之一带有一种合适的酶。研究人员发现，他们发现的酶的数量和类型与不同地区塑料污染的数量和类型相匹配。
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The results “provide evidence of a measurable effect of plastic pollution on the global microbial ecology”, the scientists said.
科学家们表示，这项研究结果“为塑料污染对全球微生物生态的影响提供了证据”。
科学家们表示，这项研究结果“为塑料污染对全球微生物生态的影响提供了证据”。
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Is this good news?? I can't tell anymore...
这是好消息吗? 再多的我就分辨不出了……
My takeaway is it's good, as the plastic is being degraded through the enzymes in the bugs.
我的结论是，这很好，因为塑料正在通过细菌中的酶得到降解。
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Isn’t it then going up the food chain? I believe it’s called bio accumulation. It gets worse as each organism consumes the organisms below it and eventually leads to all sorts of problems
塑料不是会沿着食物链往上走吗?我认为这叫做生物积累。当每一种生物吃掉它下面的生物时，情况会变得更糟，最终导致各种各样的问题。
That's only a problem if the bugs don't actually metabolize and degrade the plastics. This story is saying that these new evolutions allow them to do just that.
只有当这些细菌不能真正代谢和降解塑料时，这才会是个问题。这个故事说的是，这些新的进化让它们这样做。
Woah.. nature is trying to restore order
哇……大自然正试图恢复秩序。
Was something expected. Just like fungi showed up in history and started digesting lignin, when all trees would just pile up, creating our carbon deposits.
不出所料。正如当初历史上所有树木只能堆积起来，并制造了碳沉积，真菌出现了，开始消化木质素。
I wonder how long till it’s an efficient level of plastic decomposition. 1000s of years? Tens, 100s, millions?
我想知道分解塑料多久才能达到有效的水平。一千年?一万年？十万年？一百万年？
I’m not an expert, but I’d say it depends more on how spread these enzymes become. Fungi, for example, is present in most places around the globe, pretty much anywhere where trees are. We would need the same to happen for these enzymes.
我不是专家，但我想说，这更多地取决于这些酶会如何扩散。例如，全球大多数地方，几乎任何有树木的地方，都存在真菌。我们需要同样的事情发生在那些酶身上。
It's tricky really. On one hand if such an enzyme came around naturally (or we nudged the process in the right direction via genetic engineering), we could spread the bug/plant/fungus around no problem. On the other hand, what unforeseen consequences would introduction of such an organism would have?
很棘手。一方面，如果这种酶是自然产生的(或者我们通过基因工程把这个过程推向正确的方向)，我们就可以毫无问题地传播病菌/植物/真菌。另一方面，引入这样一个有机体会有什么不可预见的后果呢?
All your plastic clothes and wire casings are suddenly vulnerable to moths. Your plastic tables and cars are vulnerable to termites. Your couch can be devoured by plastic-eating ants.
突然之间，所有的塑料衣服和电线外皮都容易被蛾子啃掉。塑料桌子和汽车很容易受到白蚁的攻击。沙发可能会被吃塑料的蚂蚁吃掉。
Some fungi is already capable of breaking polymers and other hazardous chemicals. It is a natural process. The enzyme also would only be effective for breaking plastic. I do not see any undesired effect, but I am no expert.
一些真菌已经能够破坏聚合物和其他有害化学物质。这是一个自然的过程。这种酶也只对分解塑料有效。我没有看到任何不良影响，但我不是专家。
Maybe we can speed this up through sextive breeding?
也许我们可以通过选择性繁殖来加快速度?
The beauty with bugs is that they have such frequent cycles of new generations, things that may take birds and humans thousands of years to evolve might only take them 10-20 yearS
虫子的美妙之处在于它们繁殖新一代的周期十分频繁，鸟类和人类进化出某些能力可能需要数千年，它们可能只需要10-20年。
Nah, its not. There just is a big pile of nutritious stuff lying around everywhere that no-one can eat yet. So there is an evolutionary race to it. Especially as other food sources disappear because of the ecological destruction.
不，并不是。到处都是一大堆没人能吃的营养丰富的东西。所以这是一场进化竞赛。特别是当其他食物来源因为生态破坏而消失的时候，才会向这方面进化。
Nature already had a solution called the waxworm. Scientists discovered that if you leave trash out for long enough you’ll create new life
自然界已经有了一种解决方法，叫做蜡虫。科学家们发现，如果你把垃圾扔在外面的时间足够长，你就能创造出新的生命。
I'm at the age where I think nature has always had order within chaos.
到了我这个年龄，我认为大自然总是在混乱中有秩序。
I suppose on a geological timescale that may be true but it’s hard for me to fathom humans allowing this planet to recover with future tech that seems to be more efficient in extracting resources. Hope we ever move to complete fossil free and plastic free societies
我想，在地质时间尺度上，这可能是对的，但我很难认为人类会放任这个星球在未来的技术中恢复，这些技术在提取资源方面似乎愈发的有效。希望我们能走向完全没有化石和塑料的社会。
It’s just too perfect sometimes…
想法有时候太完美了……
Super bugs are going to fuck us up.
超级细菌会毁掉我们。
Doesn't matter when 10 billion humans are going to overpopulate. You have to give nature time to heal and adapt.
The pace of population isn't going to let that happen
这种进化没用，因为100亿人口太多了。需要给大自然时间，它才能恢复并适应。人类的节奏将让这种进化无法发挥作用。
I can't believe anyone still thinks this. Have you seen birth rates in developed countries? We're going to see societal collapse from underpopulation, not overpopulation.
真不敢相信还有人这么想。你看过发达国家的出生率吗?我们将看到社会因人口不足而崩溃，而不是人口过剩。
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Even with low birth rates we still have exponential growth due to the population that already exists
即使出生率低，人类仍然会发生指数级的增长，因为已有的人口已经很多。
Decidedly false but ok
显然是错的，但没关系。
Yeah and how many calories are stored in plastic, you know, that thing we made from oil, the most energy dense substance of the early 20th century?
是的，那么塑料中储存了多少卡路里呢?要知道，我们用石油制成的塑料是20世纪早期能量密度最高的物质。
fuck yeeeeeeaaaaaaaahhhhhh
太棒了。
Degrade into what though? A toxic biologically active metabolite or something benign?
降解成什么呢?是有毒代谢物，还是良性物质?
Given plastics are composed primarily of long chains of hydrocarbons, they’ll likely be broken down into something no more toxic than any other organism’s feces.
鉴于塑料主要由长链碳氢化合物组成，它们很可能被分解成毒性不超过其他任何生物粪便的东西。
I don't know... plastic seems like it probably contains alot of calories. What if we get super bugs like footlong beetles that can cut your arm off with a bite.
The beginning of Borderlands is here.
我不知道……塑料似乎含有很多卡路里。如果出现一英尺长的超级虫子，一口就能把你的胳膊咬掉，那该怎么办呢？
《无主之地》就是从这里开始的。
I bet its nothing like that at all
我打赌根本不是这样。
It might be nothing like that at all, agreed. Fungus that does exist is known to metabolize plastic so this is definitely a postulation. Bacteria exists too. If bugs are eating that fungus or bacteria, then it is in their guts. My point is that, this should be studied.
也许根本不是那样，同意。我们知道，能够代谢塑料的真菌确实存在，所以这绝对是一个假设。细菌也存在。如果虫子在吃真菌或细菌，那么真菌或细菌就会出现在它们的肠道里。我的观点是，应该研究一下这个。
Like the carrion eating bees with the gut biome of a vulture or hyena. If this is a microbial thing, it could spread to other species fast. Hopefully nature doesn't start eating all of our plastic things too quickly.
就像吃腐肉的蜂类，以及秃鹫或鬣狗的肠道生物群落一样。如果这是一种微生物，它可以迅速传播到其他物种。希望大自然不要太快开始吃掉我们所有的塑料制品。
I don't want bugs eating my TV or PC.
我可不想让虫子吃掉我的电视或电脑。
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If you have a bug problem, they're probably still going to be more attracted towards real food, it's just they'll settle for plastic like as a last resort if nothing else is there.
如果你对虫子有看法，它们可能还是会更喜欢真正的食物，只是如果没有其他食物，它们才会把塑料作为最后的粮食。
It’s good in the sense that plastic is a problem. It’s bad in the sense that everything we base our civilization on is made from plastic.
At some point a bug or bacteria is gonna figure out the eating plastic thing, and things will get interesting.
从塑料是问题的角度来说，这是件好事。从某种意义上说，这是不好的，因为我们赖以生存的一切都是由塑料制成的。
如果将来某一刻，某种虫子或细菌发现“塑料也能吃”，事情就会变得有趣起来。
If its possible. evolution isn't magic.
这是一种可能。进化并不是魔法。
It should be possible, plastics have high energy content if they can be broken down chemically. Trees were also once fairly impervious to microbes, but once the microbes evolved to be able to eat lignin and cellulose they rapidly broke down fallen trees, as they do today
这是有可能的，如果塑料能被化学分解，那么它们的能量含量就很高。树木抵抗微生物影响的能力曾经也相当强，但一旦微生物进化到能够吃木质素和纤维素，它们就会迅速分解倒下的树木，就像今天一样。
plastics have high energy content
Yeah, there must be a reward for the microbes. And the reward must be easier to get than other rewards.
是啊，这些微生物肯定是有激励的。而且这种激励必须比其他激励更容易得到。
The thing is, trees are all made from the same stuff (and it took evolution a very long time) but plastics can differ greatly from each other.
I hope they figure it out. Or not. The option that isnt going to kill us all.
问题是，树木都是由相同的“材质”组成的(而且这需要很长时间的进化)，但塑料彼此之间可能存在很大的不同。
我希望它们能解决这个问题。也许不能。这个选择不会害死我们所有人。
but plastics can differ greatly from each other.
Yes, agree completely with this, but they aren't very different in many cases. IIRC, nylon and polyester are quite similar. Things like Delrin may be more of a challenge. Breaking down polystyrene would be awesome IMHO, that crap is everywhere.
是的，完全同意这一点，但是在很多情况下它们并没有很大的不同。如果我没记错，尼龙和聚酯非常相似。像迭尔林（聚甲醛树酯）之类东西可能更具有挑战性。恕我直言，如果能分解聚苯乙烯会很棒，这种垃圾到处都是。
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Yeah but it took like 60 million years for that to happen, right?
是的，但这种能力花了六千万年才实现，对吧?
Yep
是的。
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That’s what happened with plants way way back when. Nothing could break it down and it just got hurried. That’s why we have coal today
这就是很久以前植物身上发生的事情。没有什么能分解植物，植物只能被埋住。这就是今天有煤炭的原因。
It would be rather poetic if all the buried plastic today stayed buried long enough for geological processes to turn them back into petroleum.
如果今天所有埋在地下的塑料能够保持足够长的时间，让地质过程把它们重新变成石油，那将是相当诗意的。
Humans have been making stuff out of wood for all of history and there are bugs that eat wood, yet we still exist.
从历史上看，人类一直在用木头做东西，而虫子也在吃木头，但我们仍然存在。
And sometimes we get termites.
有时还会有白蚁。
sounds great, but wait until termites yeat your car
听起来不错，但等到白蚁吞吃掉你的汽车再说这种话。
Yeat your car? Have to be some pretty fucking strong zoomer termites like
是啊，汽车？那肯定是一些相当强壮的白蚁。
I wonder if the bugs will start eating the plastic we DON'T want them to eat.
我不知道虫子会不会开始吃我们不想让它们吃的塑料。
It’s all fun and games until they come for the cell phones
在它们跑来吃手机之前，这件事听起来都很有意思。
Depends if they start breaking down my XBox series X.
这取决于它们是否开始分解我的XBOX。
Good news in the short term, longer term it could be an issue if the microbes get very good at breaking down plastics quickly
短期来看是好消息，但长期来看，如果微生物非常擅长快速分解塑料，那就可能是个问题。
It’s good til they become pest like termites eating your Q-led tv
这是好事，直到它们变成“害虫”，像白蚁一样吃掉你的Q-led电视。
Kind of bad if it means our infrastructure collapses.
如果这意味着我们的基础设施崩溃，那就太糟糕了。
its both good and bad news
这既是好消息也是坏消息
yup, me too.
是啊，我也觉得。
Nature will have the last laugh on this planet.
在这个星球上，大自然将笑到最后。
We are part of nature though lol
我们是自然的一部分，哈哈。
This is the rare lucid statement I usually do not expect to find on reddit
你这个话很罕见，我通常不指望能在Reddit上看到。
We are apart of nature but essentially parasitic as well.
我们是自然的一部分，但本质上也是寄生虫。
Where we live and everything we make literally come from the earth. So it’s part of nature lol.
我们生活的地方和我们制造的一切都来自地球。所以这是自然的一部分，哈哈。
Parasites are part of nature just like any other. Makes no sense to draw any differentiation there as people like to do it for some reason.
寄生虫和其他虫子一样，也是自然界的一部分。在这件事上“见外”没有意义，但是人们出于某种原因喜欢这样做。
"The planet has been through a lot worse than us. Been through earthquakes, volcanoes, plate tectonics, continental drift, solar flares, sun spots, magnetic storms, the magnetic reversal of the poles … hundreds of thousands of years of bombardment by comets and asteroids and meteors, worldwide floods, tidal waves, worldwide fires, erosion, cosmic rays, recurring ice ages … And we think some plastic bags and some aluminum cans are going to make a difference? The planet isn’t going anywhere. WE are!
“地球经历了比我们更糟糕的事情。经历了地震、火山爆发、板块构造、大陆漂移、太阳耀斑、太阳黑子、磁暴、两极磁极倒转……数十万年的彗星、小行星和流星的轰击、全球洪水、潮汐波、全球火灾、侵蚀、宇宙射线，而我们竟然认为一些塑料袋和铝罐会给地球造成改变?这颗行星不会完蛋的。会完蛋的是我们!
我们要走了。收拾铺盖，伙计们。我们要走了。而且我们不会留下什么痕迹。也许会留下一点泡沫塑料……”——乔治·卡林
But likely not even styrofoam george. RIP.
但可能连泡沫塑料都没有，安息吧，乔治。
This could create a very interesting dilemma for some - it could cause an industrialist/conservative reaction that we don’t have to reduce plastic consumption but in doing so they would have to accept evolution as the reason why....
这可能会给某些人带来一个非常有趣的两难境地——它可能会引起工业家/保守派的反应，认为我们不必减少塑料消费，但这样做的话，他们将不得不承认进化论。
Or just deny significant pollution exists; and if it does, it’s not so bad…
或者干脆否认严重污染的存在；即使有，也没那么糟糕……
So, literally nothing changes in their behavior.
I think you nailed it.
所以他们的行为没有任何改变。
我觉得你说得对。
Evolution deniers typically only deny human evolution these days.
否认进化论的人通常只否认人类进化。
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Don’t we have micro plastics in our systems? Are we the “meats back on the menu boys”
我们的身体中不是有微塑料吗?我们是"菜单上的肉"吗？
You are already made of meat, which is far more bioavailable, nutritious and tasty than plastic.
And yet, you somehow have not yet been eaten.
你已经是由肉组成的了，肉比塑料更有生物可利用性、更有营养、更美味。
然而，你却还没有被吃掉。
Yet
“还没有”。
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Can confirm, tastes like chicken!
可以确认，鸡肉味，嘎嘣脆！
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I think it'd be incredibly rare to not have microplastics in your system at this point
我认为此时你的身体系统中几乎没有微塑料。
Last I read it was found in the placentas of expecting mothers....it's that common.
据我所知，在孕妇的胎盘中发现过（微塑料）……很常见。
In a 2019 study: the average person consumes about 5g, a credit cards worth, of plastic per week. Likely more. Plastic cheese sauce, please! extra sauce?
2019年的一项研究显示:平均每人每周消化约5g塑料，相当于一张信用卡的塑料量。可能更多。塑料芝士酱，谢谢!加酱吗?
damn we're tough
a fire helmet a year?
我靠，我们很强啊，
一年吃下一顶消防员头盔？
Ah! Just like the period on earth where bacteria couldnt eat trees
啊哈！就像当初地球上的细菌吃不了树木那会。
I came here to say this. Maybe the plastic layer will eventually turn into some crazy carbon fuel for visitors in 100 million years.
我正想说这个呢。也许一百万年后，这层塑料最终将变成令未来者疯狂的碳燃料。
super mega ultra oil
超级超级超牛逼的石油。
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bugs can make ecology delicious, but humans can't.
虫子可以让生态变得美味，但人类不行。
So what you're saying is that an organism evolves to conform to its environment? When the fuck are we going to evolve to be able to Digest Taco Bell!
你的意思是生物体进化是为了适应环境?我们什么时候才能进化到能消化华莱士（原文是塔可钟——墨西哥快餐品牌）!
That’s pretty awesome! We can pollute more now
真是太棒了!我们现在可以更卖力的污染环境了。
Yeah, we wouldn't want the bugs to starve.
是啊，我们可不想把虫子饿死。
misleading title, no insects have evolved to eat plastic, only microbes in soil and water.
标题有误导性，没有昆虫进化到吃塑料，只有土壤和水中的微生物能。
Maybe it is a regional thing, but I often hear of microbes referred to as bugs. For example: "I am not feeling well, I think I caught a stomach bug on my trip to Mexico"
I don't think that many people think that, that person has insects in their stomach, but your mileage may very.
也许这是一个地区性的问题，但我经常听到有人把微生物称为虫子。例如:“I am not feeling well, I think I caught a stomach bug on my trip to Mexico .(我去墨西哥旅行时，觉得自己胃里有虫子。)”
我不认为很多人会觉得那个人胃里真有虫子，但你可能比较突出。
News articles should be held to a minimum standard of clarity, which this article fails to meet.
新闻文章应该至少能说清楚，而这篇文章没有做到。
Maybe, but if that is the hill you want to die on.. we have much bigger fish to fry in that front.
也许吧，但如果你非要纠结这一点的话，在这方面我们还有更重要的事要做。
I'm not a native and I thought it was about insects at first, but then realized it was about microbes because that usage of the word is becoming more and more common.
我不是本地人，一开始我以为这是关于昆虫的，但后来意识到这是关于微生物的，因为这个词的用法越来越普遍了。
也许这个词使用方式的变化与数字时代有关?比如“电脑有病毒和bug”。
I saw something months ago about bee-stomach bacteria digesting plastic. That is getting close.
几个月前我看到过关于蜜蜂胃里的细菌消化塑料的文章。那个更接近。
Cows too..
还有牛。
Well in the scientific community, it’s common to call microbes bugs, it’s just how it is.
在科学界，把微生物叫做“虫子”是很常见的，事情就是这样。
Cows have microbes in their guts that eat plastic...so its not unreasonable to assume that an insect or two also has that.
牛的肠道里有吃塑料的微生物……因此，假设一两个昆虫也有这种东西并非没有道理。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
So nature is evolving to fight our terrible decisions?
所以大自然正在为了对抗我们的可怕决定而进化?
life finds a way..
生命会找到出路……
There are also fungi already capable of metabolizing crude oil and plastics
还有一些真菌已经能够代谢原油和塑料。
I hate science news articles. Bugs imply that INSECTS are eating plastic. I was blown away by the title only to be extremely disappointed that's its just bacteria.
我讨厌科学新闻文章。“虫子”，我还以为是昆虫正在吃塑料。我被这个标题震惊了，结果非常失望，不过是细菌。
Problem solved!!!
“问题解决了！！！”
Cover the planet in a new food source for bacteria
布满地球表面的塑料成为细菌新的食物来源
皮卡丘震惊脸.jpg
猜猜看，我们的微生物群落将获得，并可能需要这些或类似的基因，随着我们消费塑料，而污染仍在继续，而随着世界淹没在塑料中，污染将继续增长，这些细菌将排放出什么东西。
我们这个全球培养皿将迎来放大培养试验的各种问题。
Microbes*
Microbes across the globe are evolving to eat plastic.
It'll be used as an excuse to continue worsening conditions across the globe, much like how other atrocities are justified with other minorities.
这个发现将被当做借口，让人们继续加剧全球各地的污染状况，就像有些人为其他少数民族遭受的暴行辩护一样。
The new research provides many new enzymes to be investigated and adapted for industrial use.
这项新研究提供了许多新的酶供研究和应用于工业。
是不是所有东西都需要跟如何资本化扯上关系？我们就不能只研究如何利用它来保护地球，而不是如何为股东增值呢？
If we could figure out how to break down plastic on an industrial scale, we could move beyond simple recycling (which actually doesn't work many times), dumping plastic in landfills, or (worst of all) tossing out into rivers/oceans and assuming that nature will handle it. Imagine if we could have giant vats of plastic which get enzymes dumped on them and broken down into molecular compounds that could be reused for other purposes.
如果我们能找出如何实现工业规模的塑料分解，我们就可以超越现在的做法：简单的回收(很多时候实际上不怎么有效)，将塑料倾倒在垃圾填埋场，或(最糟糕的是)将其倒入河流/海洋，并假设大自然会处理它。想象一下，如果我们能把将酶倾倒在塑料上，并将其分解成可以用于其他用途的分子化合物，那该多好啊。
如果有足够强大的经济动机来分解塑料容器，那么公司就会争先恐后的做这件事。
Yes. What I'm lamenting is the need for a strong financial incentive to do this as I wish the planet saving potential was enough.
是的。让我感到遗憾的是，需要一个强大的经济激励来做这件事，因为我希望“可能拯救这个星球”就足够作为动机了。
you're misreading "adapted for industrial use" to mean capitalize instead of adopt at-scale
你把“适合工业用途”误解为资本化，而非实现规模化了。
Have you ever thought about the similar between capitalism and natural sextion?
你有没有想过资本主义和自然选择之间的相似之处?
如果它是一个有效的好主意，它会以某种方式产生利润，因为它推动了进步，想法和业务只是突变，而如果它们因为这样或那样的原因失败了，那是因为它们在其环境中无法生存。
当两家企业做同样的工作时，它们会竞争，以更快更有效的方式生存，通常，来自这些行业的废弃物会被另一家企业或另一个行业货币化。
这就是为什么我们会有汽油，一开始它太容易挥发了，然后就被倒进小溪和河流里，直到内燃机出现，能够利用汽油，这反过来又拯救了我们的河流、小溪和水源。
这使得通过海运更快地运送食物和医疗用品等。这拯救了很多人的生命，如果这种做法持续的时间足够长，最终会出现一些东西来清理汽车尾气。而且这还能赚钱(比如SpaceX决定将二氧化碳从大气中提取出来，以便将其转化为燃料)
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这就是自然选择，唯一的区别是，如果你的想法或业务失败了，你不会死掉，而是破产。