为什么印度出口大量农产品，而许多印度穷人却营养不良甚至挨饿？

Vivek R
Originally Answered: Why does India export a lot of Agricultural products while many Indian poor people are suffering from malnutrition or even hunger?
India is an agriculture major nation. So it should be exporting food grains to do justice to the Current Account Deficit.
Every country exports what it produces on a large scale. China exports labor. USA exports technology. The Gulf countries export Petroleum and Dates.
I hope you got the answer to the first part of your question.
The second part of your questions is interesting. For this, the politicians and the policies of the country has to be blamed. We Indians, are indeed very poor in management. We have abundant resources, but we lack in proper management, no one can deny that. No doubt, we love our country and we keep praising her. But we have to accept this fact.
If there were proper policies, this wouldn't have been the case.


最初的问题是：为什么印度出口大量农产品，而许多印度穷人却营养不良甚至挨饿？
印度是一个农业大国。因此，他应该出口粮食，以弥补当前的财政赤字。
每个国家都大规模出口其生产的产品。中国出口劳动力。美国出口技术。海湾国家出口石油和红枣。
我希望你得到了问题第一部分的答案。
你问题的第二部分很有趣。因为这些，政客和国家政策必须受到谴责。我们印度人的管理的确很差。我们有丰富的资源，但我们缺乏适当的管理，没有人能否认这一点。毫无疑问，我们爱我们的国家，我们不断地赞美她。但我们必须接受这个事实。
如果有适当的政策，情况就不会如此。

Subodh Sawant
This is good question.
Lets go back to History . Before British colonized India India used to manufacture products and supply it to Europe and Africa, India was like China of today at that time a manufacturing hub. Though India exported manufactured products it was also very good in agriculture. There was no shortage of food Hence What did India get back by exporting so much at that time, Now many people are not aware about this. India received gold and silver.
Now after British colonised India all manufacturing centers were destroyed. British main purpose of colonisation was to convert India into agriculture country and export the agriculture raw materials so there industries could run. In return India received manufactured products.
Now after Independence India did try to increase manufacturing But It did not improve much as Cheap Chinese products were easily available as imports. So India had to rely on Agricultural products as export. If you are importing something you have to get something to export. There is no choice but to export agriculture raw materials or products.
Only Recently India saw a huge growth in IT industry and Service Industry. Also previously It exported agriculture raw materials which are also getting converted now to agriculture products.
Also there are issues like Warehouses to store agriculture raw materials . Lot of food is just getting wasted in go downs.
There is also very good earning in producing cash crops rather than food crops Hence Farmers are switching to Cash crops Which is causing less production of food crops.
There is poor management like giving Ration cards to everyone. Ration card is something using which you can get free food . It was implemented to help poor. But many people which are not really poor make use of Ration Card and get food which should have ideally benefitted poor people. Also the people which manage these Rations Shops illegally sell the food to some private people in less price than the market. Hence poor people dont receive the required food proportion.
If the management is good India can export food as we as be sufficient so that no one goes hungry without food.

这是个好问题。
让我们回到历史。在英国殖民印度之前，印度曾经制造产品并供应给欧洲和非洲，印度就像当时的中国一样是一个制造中心。虽然印度出口制成品，但在农业方面也很好。当时印度并不缺乏粮食。因此，当时印度通过出口这么多而得到了什么回报，现在许多人都不知道这一点。印度获得了黄金和白银。

现在，在英国殖民印度之后，所有的制造中心都被摧毁了。英国殖民的主要目的是将印度转变为农业国，并出口农业原材料，使工业得以运转。作为回报，印度获得了制成品。
现在独立后，印度确实试图增加制造业，但并没有改善多少，因为廉价的中国产品很容易作为进口品获得。因此，印度不得不依赖农产品作为出口。如果您要进口某些东西，则必须要出口一些东西。别无选择，只能出口农业原料或产品。

直到最近，印度的IT业和服务业才出现了巨大的增长。以前它还出口农业原材料，现在这些原材料也转化为农产品。
还有一些问题，比如储存农业原材料的仓库。很多食物都浪费在下山的路上了。
生产经济作物而不是粮食作物也有很好的收益，因此农民正在转向经济作物，这导致粮食作物产量减少。

管理不善，就像给每个人发定量配给卡一样。定量配给卡是一种可以用来获得免费食物的东西。它的实施是为了帮助穷人。但是，许多并非真正贫穷的人使用定量配给卡，获得了本应该让穷人受益的食物。此外，管理这些口粮店的人以低于市场的价格非法向一些私人出售食品。因此穷人得不到所需的食物比例。
如果管理得当，印度可以像我们一样出口足够的粮食，这样没有人会挨饿。

Prakarsh Singh
1. Less than 2% of households in India are reportedly "hungry".
2. Malnutrition is more a problem of a lack of nutritious diet (protein, micronutrients, calories) than it is a problem of availability of food or the price of good food. It is also a problem of lack of sanitation, clean drinking water and hygiene (combined with high population density so you are more likely to get diarrhea).
3. India not only exports agricultural products (an important source of income for its farmers), a large proportion of agricultural products are wasted, eaten by rats, expire in granaries due to a mismatch between domestic supply and demand, transportation and storage frictions and a general credibility problem if food were given away free (no one would purchase it next year).

1.据报道，印度只有不到2%的家庭“挨饿”。
2.营养不良更多的是缺乏营养饮食（蛋白质、微量营养元素、卡路里）的问题，而不是食物供应或优质食物价格的问题。这也是一个缺乏卫生设施、清洁饮用水和保健因素的问题（加上人口密度高，你更容易腹泻）。
3.印度不仅出口农产品（农产品是其农民的重要收入来源），而且由于国内供求不匹配、运输和储存摩擦以及免费提供食品的普遍信誉问题，大部分农产品被浪费、被老鼠吃掉、在粮仓过期（明年没有人会买它）。

Trinadh Yerra
Exporting is not charity. India has a huge Agricultural sector, it produces vast number of grains and other goods, and each of them vary in quality. So, a high quality product is obviously not affordable for the poor, and caters to the demand from overseas markets. Pretty logical? As for the poor in India unable to feed themselves, it's a real thing. Government of India addresses that by buying huge quantities of food from market and then sells it to the poor masses at hugely subsidized prices. By some measures, it is the largest food subsidy program in the world. Then again, there is corruption in the distribution, and not all the grain reaches the poor at the price set by the government. Do you still have a point to oppose? Sure you're welcome to do so, if you can suggest a better idea.

出口不是慈善。印度有一个庞大的农业部门，它生产大量的谷物和其他商品，而且每一种都有不同的质量。因此，一个高质量的产品显然是穷人买不起的，而且迎合了海外市场的需求。很合乎逻辑？对于那些无法养活自己的印度穷人来说，这是一件真实的事情。印度政府通过从市场上购买大量食品，然后以巨额补贴低价出售给穷人来解决这一问题。从某种程度上说，它是世界上最大的粮食补贴计划。再者，分配中存在腐败，并非所有粮食都能按政府规定的价格送到穷人手中。你还有反对的理由吗？如果你能提出更好的建议，当然欢迎你这么做。

Venkatesh Jagannathan
It's because "Trade is generally more effective than aid as an engine of development".
The problem is not that government considers exporting to be more important than eradicating poverty. Rather, problem is that whatever government does for poor "does not fully" reach the bottom most part (in fact negligible) of pyramid. Reasons? Corruption, Poor Management, Lack for means and isolation. If these problems were not there, government will feed everyone and then whatever is left can be comfortably exported.
Remember trade (esp export) is very important for a developing country's growth as it helps to have fair chance alongside rich countries. No one wants to do that in lieu of keeping people hungry but it happens because we don't live in an ideal world but much far from that.
Also its important to remember that us and government are not two separate different parties. All ignore poor equally. Some of us are taking efforts to eradicate but very less in number. Also to correct this problem properly we have to fix things in following order: Remove Corruption -> Strengthen Economy -> Include every citizen in running nation + Decent Public Health, Education and Infrastructure -> No Hunger, isolation, etc.
Can't do next step before first step is solved. Else we never fix the problem. We are currently at stage 1. For this stage, people have started really working hard and showing guts to question people in power (RTI). We will get there soon what you(&we all) are looking for.

这是因为“作为发展引擎，贸易通常比援助更有效”。
问题不在于政府认为出口比消除贫困更重要。相反，问题在于政府为穷人所做的一切“并没有完全”到达金字塔的最底层（事实上可以忽略不计）。原因是什么？腐败、管理不善、缺乏手段和隔离。若并没有这些问题，政府将养活所有人，然后剩下的一切都可以轻松出口。

请记住，贸易（特别是出口）对发展中国家的经济增长非常重要，因为它有助于与富裕国家一起获得公平的机会。没有人愿意这样做来让人们挨饿，但这确实发生了，因为我们没有生活在一个理想的世界里，而且离理想的世界很远。

同样重要的是要记住，我们和政府不是两个不同的党派。我们所有人都同样地忽视穷人。我们中的一些人正在努力改变，但数量非常少。为了正确地纠正这个问题，我们必须按照以下顺序解决问题：消除腐败->加强经济->让每个公民都参与国家治理+体面的公共卫生、教育和基础设施->没有饥饿、隔离等。

在解决第一步之前，无法执行下一步。否则，我们永远无法解决问题。我们目前处于第一阶段。在这个阶段，人们已经开始真正努力工作，并显示出质疑当权者的勇气。我们很快就会到达你们（和我们大家）想要的地方。

Chandravadan Trivedi
Only prime qualities of agricultural produce are exported, not the ones that the poor ones in the country consume. If exports don't rise then how will India pay foreign bills for the products which are imported.
The problem of malnutrition & hunger is a state problem.Both the govt. & the society are responsible. Though the govt. procures agricultural produce,40% is wasted before it reaches the consumers, & hence processing & storage is woefully inadequate. State govts. are not in a position to completely check & punish hoarders.Productivity of agricultural fields is the lowest in Asia.Check dams and canals are not constructed by almost all state govts. for availability of irrigation water, with the result, majority of rain water is wasted. Seeds,fertilizers are spurious, which gives a blow to farmers.
Farmers are also to be blamed,as they don't realise the importance of organic manures.If they had processed their agricultural produce right at the village level,they would have got better price & wastage could have been checked.
Public distribution system is a total failure in India.
All of the above problems needs in depth studies & requires learned & experienced persons at the top,which India refuses to have.

只有优质农产品出口，而不是该国穷人消费的农产品。如果出口没有增长，那么印度将如何支付进口产品的国外账单。
营养不良和饥饿问题是一个国家问题，政府和社会都有责任。虽然政府采购农产品补贴穷人，但40%的农产品在到达消费者手中之前就被浪费了，这些都是因为加工和储存不足的问题。州政府没有能力完全制止和惩罚囤积者。农田的生产率在亚洲是最低的。几乎所有的州政府都没有修建拦河大坝和运河。由于灌溉水的可用性，导致大部分雨水被浪费。种子、肥料都是假的，这给农民带来了打击。

农民也应该受到指责，因为他们没有意识到有机肥料的重要性。如果他们在村一级正确加工农产品，他们会得到更好的价格，浪费也会得到控制。
在印度，公共分配系统完全失败了。
所有上述问题都需要深入研究，需要有学识和经验的高层人员，而印度拒绝这样做。

Brahmayya Akella
India should stop exporting agricultural products except in cases where there is a surplus and it should balance it with food imports only. There is a need to improve storage and distribution planning. The green revolution should have covered these areas as well. Malnutrition is a very serious issue at 65% official figures. While it's good to talk about demographic dividend a malnourished demographic advantage is a problem on hand than an advantage. All concerned gov't bodies, NGOs and well placed people must work on this problem before it snowballs into a catastrophe.

印度应该停止出口农产品，除非有盈余，并且应该只与粮食进口保持平衡。需要改进存储和分发规划。绿色革命也应该涵盖这些领域。65%的官方数据显示，营养不良是一个非常严重的问题。虽然谈论人口红利是件好事，但营养不良的人口优势与其说是优势，不如说是一个问题。所有相关的政府机构、非政府组织和地位优越的人都必须在这个问题雪球般演变成灾难之前努力解决这个问题。

Dharmendra Sharma
Because 'production' or 'amount' of agricultural productions is not a problem of India. But, distribution is. See, India produces most of he Agro products in surplus, it doesn't require such vast amount of food which is produced. Especially Demand for fruits is much less in India. People are suffering from Hunger here because food distribution is a major problem. Poor can't afford food, and it gets rotten in God-owns. That's the tragedy.

印度的问题不是农业生产的“产量”或“数量”。而是，分配不公平的问题。看，印度生产的大部分农产品都是过剩的，它不需要如此大量的粮食。尤其是在印度，对水果的需求很少。这里的人们正遭受饥饿，因为粮食分配是一个重大问题。穷人买不起食物，而且它在上帝拥有的土地上腐烂了。这就是悲剧。

Muskan Choudhary
India is a country with abundant resources and by exporting which it can earn a lot, but there is a lot of poverty in India as well. so we need to understand that India being an major agricultural country should ensure that its citizens should not be suffering from malnutrition or hunger as it creates a bad affect on the country.

印度是一个资源丰富的国家，通过出口可以赚很多钱，但印度也有很多贫困的人。因此，我们需要理解。印度作为一个农业大国，应该确保其公民不受营养不良或饥饿之苦，因为这会对该国造成不良影响。