中国艺术：中国有哪些美学？

Chinese Art: What are some aesthetics of China?

2021-10-11 JOJOyu 23237 41 6 收藏纠错&举报

译文简介

北京：中国的艺术很可爱，能给人一种精致的感觉，比如瓷器，包括花瓶和陶瓷。中国古代的艺术描绘了复杂的风景细节。

正文翻译

Chinese Art: What are some aesthetics of China?

中国艺术：中国有哪些美学？

评论翻译

Thomas Pauken II
, B.A. from Thomas More College of Liberal Arts (1999)
BEIJING: Chinese art is lovely and there’s a sense of the delicate, such as the porcelain including the vases and ceramics. Chinese ancient art depicts intricate details of scenery.
When you visit Asian art museums, there’s an air of elegance, you feel captivated by their paintings of nature and old-town villages. Chinese artists love to paint a broad picture without focusing on one of the details.
They will paint villages as if they are standing high on a mountain overlooking the scenery.
When people are drawn there’s a sense of normal village life, people going about their daily activities and they do not pose. The artist is the neutral observer from a distance capturing the real person or community of villagers as they walk, talk and work.
The people drawn were not looking at the painter, nor did they seem aware a painter was watching and drawing them. Whereas in much of Renaissance art in Europe, the painters loved to depict people in poses and highlight their personal character traits.
Hence, we discover significant cultural differences between Westerners and the Chinese. Europeans and Americans think from the aspect of individual liberties and they pride themselves on being different or at the very least assuming they are different even if they happen to be followers.
Accordingly, European painters who sold paintings for a high price had become famous. The painter was expected to draw other people or scenery but the end result - the painter often turned into a person who craved fame for himself more so than drawing beauty and obxts that captured his attention.
Meanwhile most Chinese painters did not care for fame and often lived like hermits worried that if they had become wealthy or popular they would get distracted from pursuing their artistic ambitions.
They cared about art for art’s sake and refused to let patrons or others change their spirit. Hence, you see with their art they tried to be observers and would not place themselves in their paintings.
Meanwhile, my wife has a friend, who married a man who’s father was a famous painter in China. A few years ago, the artist died and his son inherited the art collection and they gave one of the pieces to me as a gift.
I have it placed on my desk and look at it everyday. The painting depicts a mountain landscape with a small home sitting atop one of the mountains, while the weather is foggy and overcast.
You see few details in the painting but know you are seeing mountains in a fog. The sense of blurriness conveys a feeling that nothing in life is certain and that change keeps happening.
Anyway, you can learn more about Chinese ancient artwork from World History. The lix is here:

As reported by World History:
“Landscape painting had been around as long as artists had, but the genre really took off during the Tang dynasty when artists became much more concerned with humanity's place in nature. Typically, small human figures guide the viewer through a panoramic landscape of mountains and rivers in Tang paintings. It should be no surprise that mountains and water dominated landscape painting as the very word in Chinese for landscape translates literally as “mountain-and-water”. Trees and rocks are also featured and the whole scene is usually meant to capture a particular season of the year. Colours were limited in use, either everything in various shades of a single colour (illustrating the roots in calligraphy) or two colours combined, usually blues and greens.”
Art gives praise to beauty and Chinese art saw beauty in landscapes.

北京：中国的艺术很可爱，能给人一种精致的感觉，比如瓷器，包括花瓶和陶瓷。中国古代的艺术描绘了复杂的风景细节。
当你参观亚洲的艺术博物馆时，你会感受到一种优雅的氛围，你会被他们描绘的自然和古老的城镇村庄所吸引。中国艺术家喜欢描绘大略的画面，而不会关注其中的细节。
他们会把村庄描绘成好像站在山顶上俯瞰到的样子。
当人被画出来时，你会有一种正常的乡村生活的感觉，人们在进行日常活动，他们不会摆姿势。艺术家只是一个中立的观察者，他从远处捕捉真实的人或村民在社区内的行走、交谈和工作的画面。
画中的人不会看着画家，他们似乎也没有意识到有画家在画他们。而在欧洲文艺复兴时期的大部分艺术作品中，画家们喜欢描绘人物的姿势，突出人物的个性特征。
因此，我们发现西方人和中国人之间存在着显著的文化差异。欧洲人和美国人从个人自由的角度思考，他们为自己与众不同而自豪，或者至少假设自己与众不同，即使他们碰巧只是追随者。
因此，那些画作卖得昂贵的欧洲画家出了名。画家本应专注于画其他人或风景，但最终的结果是——画家往往变成了一个更渴望名利的人，而不是去画那些吸引他注意力的美景和物体。

与此同时，大多数中国画家并不在意名气，他们常常过着隐士般的生活，他们担心如果他们变得富有或受欢迎，他们会在追求艺术抱负的时候分心。
他们为了艺术而关心艺术，他们拒绝让赞助人或其他人改变他们的志向。因此，你可以看到，在他们的艺术中，他们试图成为观察者，而不会把自己放在作品中。
我妻子有一个朋友，她嫁给了一个父亲是中国著名画家的男人。几年前，这位艺术家去世了，他的儿子继承了他的艺术收藏品，他们把其中一件作为礼物送给了我。
我把它放在桌子上，每天都会看一看。那幅画描绘了一幅山景，一座小房子坐落在其中一座山上，而天气是雾蒙蒙的。
你在画中看不到什么细节，但你知道你看到的是雾中的群山。这种模糊感传达了一种感觉，即生活中没有什么是确定的，变化在不断发生。
无论如何，你可以从《世界历史》中了解更多关于中国古代艺术品的知识。链接如下：

据《世界历史》写道：
“山水画与艺术家的存在时间一样长，但在唐代，当艺术家更加关注人类在自然界中的地位时，这种流派才真正兴起。通常，在唐代绘画中，小人物会引导观赏者欣赏山水全景。因此，山水画的出现也就不足为奇了。
在中文中，山水的字面意思是“山和水”，因此山和水在山水画中占据着主导地位。树木和岩石也被描绘了出来，整个场景通常是为了捕捉一年中的某个特定的季节。颜色的使用会受到限制，要么是单一颜色的各种色调（来源于书法），要么是两种颜色的组合，通常是蓝色和绿色。”
艺术会赞美美（Art gives praise to beauty），中国的艺术是在山水中看到美。
======================

Edward Logan
, Former graduate student in China Studies, Johns Hopkins SAIS
Originally Answered: What are some aesthetics of China?
There's a ton to be said on this topic, but I can at least mention a few well-known paintings and how they relate to literature, poetry, aesthetics, etc.
While much of Chinese art and literature is influenced by Buddhism, there is much that is nonetheless distinctively Chinese. In art at least, one interesting thing to note is the power of nature and the distrust of the human eye (in contrast to Western art). Thus you'll notice in a lot of paintings that the perspective seems to be "floating" and it is as if you are the wind flying around while viewing the scene, an otherwise impossible perspective (in Chinese art there are low, level, and high perspectives). Oftentimes trees, humans, and mountains are in unrealistic proportions, and mists are used to suggest a mysterious, unreachable distance that is not otherwise suggested by the actual height of the mountains.
Li Zhaodao's early 8th century Emperor Minghuang's Journey into Shu
Another concept to note with aesthetics is the lack of emphasis placed on time and effort, but more on mastery of the brush and the ability to convey much with simplicity. A high level of abstraction relative to Western art is also common. The following work likely took only a few minutes to paint, but demonstrates extreme virtuosity.
Liang Kai's early 13th century Poet Strolling by a Marshy Bank
The next work demonstrates the value of abstraction through the impression of a certain landscape created via a standard set of brush strokes for the trees and light ink washes to imply water. Consider also that the painting depicts six friends of the artist, but as trees, rather than as human beings.
Ni Zan's 1345 Six Gentlemen
With the next painting, consider the shape of the sheep and goat. They form a yin-yang symbol, a reference that requires basic knowledge of Chinese culture to understand. The word "yang" is also a pun for sheep, a nod to Chinese poetry where such wordplay would be common.
Zhao Mengfu's c.1300 Sheep and Goat
A final example to demonstrate Chinese aesthetics depicts a classic scene of women preparing silk. Here there is an even more explicit reference to poetry in art, with the women pounding silk, a common poetic trope for a woman missing a man. You might also notice the girl's fan depicts mandarin ducks, a Chinese symbol for fidelity.
Emperor Huizong's early 12th century Court Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk

关于这个话题我有很多话要说，我至少可以提到一些著名的画作，以及它们与文学、诗歌、美学等的关系。
虽然中国的艺术和文学大多受到佛教的影响，但仍有许多具有中国特色的艺术和文学作品。至少在艺术方面，有一件有趣的事情值得注意，那就是自然的力量和对人眼的不信任（与西方艺术相比）。因此，你会注意到，在许多绘画作品中，视角似乎是“浮动”的，就好像在观看画作时你是四处飞舞的风，这是一种不可能的透视法（在中国艺术中，透视有低、平、高三种）。通常情况下，树木、人类和山脉的比例都是不切实际的，雾气被用来表示一种神秘的、无法到达的距离，而山脉的实际高度并没有暗示这种距离。
李昭道画于八世纪初的《明皇幸蜀图》

另一个需要注意的美学概念是不强调画画时花费的时间和精力，而更多的是强调对画笔的掌握和简单表达的能力，相对于西方艺术的高度抽象也很常见。下面这幅作品可能只花了几分钟就完成了，但表现出了极高的技巧。
梁楷画于13世纪早期的《泽畔行吟图》

下一部作品通过一套标准的树木笔触和淡淡的水墨来暗示水，从而创造出对特定景观的印象来展示抽象的价值。我们还要考虑到这幅画描绘的是艺术家的六个朋友，但他描绘的是树木，而不是人类。
倪赞画于1345年的《六君子》
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下一幅画，绵羊和山羊的形状构成了一个阴阳符号，这需要了解中国文化的基本知识才能理解。“阳”这个词也是羊的双关语，是对中国诗歌的一种认同，因为在中国的诗歌中，这种文字游戏很常见。
赵孟頫画于约1300年的《二羊图》

最后一个展示中国美学的例子描绘了一个女性准备丝绸的经典场景，这里更明确地提到了艺术中的诗歌，比如妇女捶打丝绸，这是一个女人想念男人的常见的诗意比喻。您可能还会注意到女孩的扇子上画着鸳鸯，这在中国是忠诚的象征。
宋徽宗画于12世纪初的《捣练图》

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Godfree Roberts
, Ed.D. Education & Geopolitics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (1973)，Lives in Chiang Mai, Thailand
Chinese aesthetics are as different from our own as other Chinese cultural expressions. This make them great fun for the aesthetically broadminded, because they’re often right in front of your eyes but, because Chinese designers see things a little differently from us.
Study this photograph for a minute. What do you notice about its composition? How its color palette relates to its subject. The relationship of the masses in the centre of the image. The aesthetic relationship between the two structures: the launch gantry and the rocket:

中国美学与其他中国文化表现形式一样，不同于我们自己的美学，这让他们对那些在审美上持开放态度的人来说很有意思，因为它们经常会出现在你眼前，也因为中国设计师对事物的看法与我们略有不同。
你可以研究一下这张照片。你是否注意到了它的组合方式？它的色调与主题的关系，图像中心的周边关系，以及两个结构：发射架和火箭之间的美学关系？

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Profile photo for Chier Hu
Chier Hu
, A native of China, who has worked in a Chinese IT company.
Sometimes when we Chinese see some pictures, we think they are very "Chinese style".
This is because they all conform to the beauty of traditional Chinese patterns. Our ancestors created a whole set of aesthetic ideas by using the methods of symmetry, balance, division, overlap, connection, combination and so on.
These ideas have long been integrated into our traditional culture, into the bones and blood of our Chinese people, and continue to have a profound impact in China and even around the world.
Do you think the following patterns are beautiful?
Picture source: Lotus Mandala. Chinese. | Mandala art
Picture source: Emblem
Picture source: Examples of Chinese Ornament (1867) | PICRYL collections
Picture source: Stock Photo - Engraving of Chinese decorative art, from the book 'Examples of Chinese ornament sexted from obxts in the South Kensington museum and other collections' by Jones Owen
Picture source: temporary tattoo
Picture source: https://www.duitang.com/blog/?id=520994968
Picture source: Carp Painting Stock Illustrations – 2,398 Carp Painting Stock Illustrations, Vectors & Clipart - Dreamstime
Picture source: #Koreantraditionalpattern Instagram posts - Gramho.com
Picture source: https://www.etsy.com/market/koi_fish_art_design
Picture source:
Picture source: Totem
Picture source: Totem
Picture source: Chinese Window PNG clipart images free download
Picture source:
Picture source: Japanese carp
This is a kind of "beauty of artistic conception".
As long as you see them, you can think of something.
Of course, in fact, there are many traditional ornaments on the RMB, such as Cloudscape (cloud and thunder pattern), Rolling Tendril Pattern, fret/Palindrome, stripe ….

有时当我们中国人看到一些图片时，我们会认为它们很“中国风”。
这是因为它们都符合中国传统图案的美感。我们的祖先运用对称、平衡、分割、重叠、连接、组合等方法，创造了一整套美学思想。
这些思想早已融入了我们的传统文化，融入了我们中国人民的骨肉和血液之中，并继续在中国乃至全世界产生深远的影响。
你认为下面的图案漂亮吗？
图片来源：莲花曼陀罗
图略
图片来源：会徽
图略
图片来源：中国饰品实例（1867）| PICRYL收藏