学习说普通话的最好方法是什么？(二)
What is the best way to learn how to speak Mandarin?
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网友：学习普通话最好的方法是什么?我要引用一位对大脑功能有研究的人的话：“系统1和系统2之间的分工是高效的：它可以最大限度地减少工作量并优化性能……如果屏幕上有一个单词是用你熟悉的语言显示的，你就会阅读它，除非你的注意力完全集中在其他地方。—丹尼尔·卡尼曼 思考，快与慢......
正文翻译
What is the best way to learn how to speak Mandarin?
学习说普通话的最好方法是什么？
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
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What is the best way learn how to speak Mandarin?
I’m going to quote someone who is more qualified about how a brain function.
“The division of labor between System 1 and System 2 is highly efficient: it minimizes effort and optimizes performance……If you are shown a word on the screen in a language you know, you will read it – unless your attention is totally focused elsewhere.”
--Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow
Dr. Kahneman thinks that our brain has two parts, one he calls “System 1” which cannot be shut off, it is your subconscious, your intuition, your impulses, your personality, and the background noise inside your head. It runs without you knowing it, and it makes fast decisions based on your experiences and internal knowledge; the other he calls “System 2” which steps in to save the day when “System 1” feels inadequate, it is your active thinking, i.e. if you perform a difficult math operation, encounters a difficult choice, trying to lie about something, playing chess, or trying to answer your girlfriend’s “do I look fat in this dress?” conundrum.
学习普通话最好的方法是什么?
我要引用一位对大脑功能有研究的人的话：
“系统1和系统2之间的分工是高效的：它可以最大限度地减少工作量并优化性能……如果屏幕上有一个单词是用你熟悉的语言显示的，你就会阅读它，除非你的注意力完全集中在其他地方。—丹尼尔·卡尼曼 思考，快与慢。
卡内曼博士认为我们的大脑有两个部分，一个被他称为“第一系统”，它是无法关闭的，它是你的潜意识、你的直觉、你的冲动、你的个性，以及你头脑中的背景噪音。它在你不知情的情况下运行，它根据你的经验和内在知识快速做出决定;
另一种他称之为“系统2”是在“系统1”应付不过来的情况下采取措施挽救局面,促进活跃思维,即如果你执行有难度的数学运算,遇到一个困难的选择,试图撒谎,下棋,或者试图回答你女友的“我穿这条裙子看起来胖吗?”之类难题。
System 1 is difficult to build, and System 2 is easy to build.
System 1 is long-term and stable, and System 2 is short-lived and malleable.
System 1 is your hard disk, and System 2 is your memory chip.
In this quote, he obviously put “language” in System 1.
So then, the short answer to the question is simple: How to learn Mandarin (or any foreign language) effectively?
Make it your system 1.
Now you know about the end game plan, how about the steps?
系统1（启动）快，系统2则慢。
系统1很难构建，而系统2则容易构建。
系统1是长期的和稳定的，而系统2是短期的和可塑的。
系统1是硬盘，系统2是内存芯片。
在这句话中，他显然把“语言”放在了系统一。
因此，这个问题的简短答案很简单:如何有效地学习普通话(或任何外语)?—让它成为你的系统1。
现在你已经知道了终极计划，接下来的步骤如何呢?
Me neither. But when you ride the bike, it feels effortless, no?
You get on it, put the helmet on, hands on the handles, you peddle, and off you go; who doesn’t know how to do that?
I remembered I fell or lost control a lot during the first few days riding a bike for the first few times in my life when I was 4 years old. I paid attention to many things, until my brain remembered how to ride.
Now? I can’t remember the last time I fell out of a bike; my System 1 does most of the job for me. I think about how to tackle the disgusting logic bug somewhere in my code at work which I failed to find and fix, while the brain commending hundreds if not thousands of muscles in unison, so that my bike stays upright, moves forward, avoiding pedestrians, crazy E-Bikes, speed bumps, and curbs.
See, this is how you make something your System 1.
你还记得你是怎么学会骑自行车的吗?
我也不记得。但是当你骑自行车的时候，却感觉毫不费力，对吧?
你坐上去，戴上头盔，把手放在把手上，然后你就可以出发了;谁不知道该怎么做呢?
我记得在我4岁的时候，在骑自行车的头几天里，我经常摔倒或失去控制。我注意了很多事情，直到我的大脑想起了如何骑车。
至于现在?我都不记得上次从自行车上摔下来是什么时候了;我的系统1为我做了大部分工作。我在思考如何解决工作代码中某个令人厌恶的逻辑错误，但我没有找到并修复它，而大脑却一致搞定数百甚至数千块肌肉，使我的自行车保持直立，向前移动，避开行人、疯狂的电动自行车、减速带和路边的石块。
看到了吧，这就是系统1的构造方法。
“Riding a bike, is a lot like walking. Except it isn’t walking.”
“Just like walking, you need to peddle, while maintaining balance. The higher your speed, the easier it is to maintain the balance.”
“But unlike walking, your hands have to do some work, too.”
“Do not steer your handles in a straight line; unless you are losing balance, then you need to compensate exactly to the counter direction, in the exact right amount.”
And so on.
You read it very carefully, and took notes, and even watched videos on how others ride bike, you even watched Tour de France many times over. You knew every movement, every technique, every trick, and every correct way to ride a bike.
假设你不会骑自行车，你想学习它。所以
“骑自行车很像走路。只不过它不是在走路。”
“就像走路一样，你需要在保持平衡的同时走路。速度越快，就越容易保持平衡。”
“但不像走路，你的手也要做一些（配合）工作。”
“不要把把手把转成直线;除非你正在失去平衡，否则您需要准确地向相反方向进行补偿，补偿量应准确无误”
等等。
你非常仔细地阅读，做笔记，甚至看别人如何骑自行车的视频，你甚至看了很多遍环法自行车赛。你知道骑车的每一个动作，每一个技巧，每一个窍门，每一个正确的方法。
I think it is more likely you will fail for the first time. Because you know how to, but you have never actually done it before.
All you know, is how riding a bike (something you don’t know) is different from walking (something you are familiar with).
If this is how you plan to learn, your Mandarin will work like this:
It will be slow, clumsy, and will not work properly. It is just ineffective,
So how do most of us learned to ride?
It’s simple. Get a bike, you ride the bike, you fail; you get up, ignore the scratch on your knee, right the bike, you try again; you fail some more, and you try even more. One out of ten times, you managed to keep the bike going for 10 feet, and then you fell, but you are excited. So, you try some more, 20 feet, 50 feet… if not today, you go tomorrow, and if still not, the day after… and finally you can ride the bike!
You don’t even need to know how it works. You don’t need a book telling you how to do it. You don’t even need to watch other’s getting fancy riding a bike. You need to work it yourself!
6个月后，你买了一辆自行车，第一次骑自行车，你会感到自信。现在告诉我，你有多大的机会第一次骑上那辆自行车时就像个职业车手一样。
我认为你第一次失败的可能性更大。因为你知道怎么做，但你以前从来没有做过。
你只知道骑自行车(你不知道的事情)和走路(你熟悉的事情)有什么不同。
如果你计划这样学习，你的普通话学习过程应该是这样的:
它将是缓慢的且方法不当的，也是无法学会的，这是无效的学习方式
那么，我们大多数人是如何学会骑车的呢?
很简单，买辆自行车，直接骑它，失败了，你站起来，无视膝盖上的划痕，把自行车弄好，再试一次;你失败得越多，尝试得越多。你在十次中有一次成功地把自行车骑到了10英尺远，然后摔倒了，但你很兴奋。所以，你再试，20英尺，50英尺，如果今天不行，你明天去试，如果还是不行，那就后天，最后你就可以骑自行车了!
你甚至不需要知道它是如何工作的，你不需要一本书来告诉你怎么做。你甚至不需要看别人骑自行车时的喜好方式。你仅需要自己练就行!
And this is how someone can become bilingual, or even multilingual.
Getting a good language tutor, is the equivalent of having your older sibling, parent, or relative teaching you how to ride a bike hand on hand, it expediates the process by a large margin.
如果你把你的普通话知识内化了，不再把它与你的母语进行比较，或思考对应的语言，或所有复杂的语法结构，想法，你只学习普通话，练习你的声调，这是你的大脑的功能。
这就是一个人如何成为双语者，甚至是多语者的方法。
找一个好的语言辅导老师，就相当于让你的哥哥姐姐、父母或亲戚来教你如何骑自行车，它会大大加快这个过程。
Craig Humphreys (韩福瑞), 13 years speaking, reading, writing Mandarin Chinese.
Over the course of many years I've become fluent in Mandarin Chinese. here is the approach I took. (And, I characterize myself as a slow learner).
Learn Pinyin. Be able to write down the "sound" for any Chinese word by writing the equivalent Pinyin.
Learn to recognize tones. I did this by working with a native speaker. He spoke Chinese words which I wrote down in Pinyin. Then, he wrote down Pinyin and I pronounced them. Any words I got wrong I repeated. Sometimes endlessly. I must say this was by far the most frustrating part of learning Mandarin Chinese.
Once I got fairly adept at hearing and speaking the five tones of Mandarin (1, 2, 3, 4, and neutral), I started learning vocabulary. I found that learning expressions of multiple characters was far more beneficial than learning individual characters.
你需要学习声调，既要通过识别标准汉语语音中的声调，又要能够在说话时发出声调。
经过多年的学习，我的普通话已经很流利了，下面是我采取的方法。（而且，我把自己描述成一个学习缓慢的人）。
学习拼音。能用拼音写出任何汉字的“音”。
学习识别声调。我是通过与一位母语为汉语的人合作来做到这一点的。他说的是我用拼音写下的汉字。然后，他写下拼音，我发音。我一般都会重复犯错，有时会没完没了地重复。我必须说，这是学习普通话最令人沮丧的部分。
一旦我能熟练地听和说普通话的五个声调（1、2、3、4和平调），我就开始学习词汇。我发现学习多个汉字的表达方式比学习单个汉字更有用处。
Step 1 was quick, only taking a few weeks.
Step 2 was slow, very slow. It took me 18 months before I was truly proficient and was over 95% accurate with hearing and producing tones.
Step 3 is ongoing. I still am learning better ways to express myself, using more refined sentences, and culturally appropriate ways to express ideas. But, it took another year or so before daily conversations were consistently understandable.
During this time I spent many months in China learning and conversing. I think this helped a great deal. The equivalent would be to have several native speakers with whom you can test your conversation skills. You may have to pay for this, or, trade English language training for your Mandarin training.
正如我所说的，我学习速度很慢。
第一步很快，只花了几个星期。
第二步很慢，非常慢。我花了18个月的时间才真正精通，听力和发声准确率超过95%。
第三步正在进行中。我仍在学习更好的表达方式，使用更精炼的句子，以及配合文化选择合适的表达方式。但是，又花了一年左右的时间，终于可以理解日常对话。
在这段时间里，我在中国花了好几个月的时间学习和交谈。我认为这对我有很大帮助。相当于有几个母语为汉语的人，你可以和他们一起测试你的会话技能。你可能需要为此付费，或者用英语培训换取普通话培训。
Immersion: Force yourself to spend at least six months in either a rural part of China or Taiwan where you’re forced to speak, read, and write Mandarin with locals to survive.
Listening: There’s a reason why Chinese people say “聽說” (Ting, Shuo) which translates to “listen, speak.” The more Mandarin you’re able to listen to either through radio, movies, tv, songs etc. the more you’ll understand the context of certain characters. And depending on how linguistically persistent or talented you are, with enough repetition, you’ll start to naturally use phrases, inflections, and even pick up on certain accents.
沉浸：强迫自己在中国农村或台湾至少呆上六个月，在那里你不得不和当地人说、读、写普通话才能生存。
倾听：中国人之所以说“这是有原因的”听说” （Ting, Shuo）翻译成“听，说。”通过广播、电影、电视、歌曲等，你能听的普通话越多，你就越能理解某些汉字的上下文。根据你在语言上的坚持程度或天赋，通过足够多重复次数，你将开始自然地使用短语、词形变化，甚至学会某些口音。
制定适合自己的学习过程。让学习过程变得愉快。你需要享受学习过程，才能让任何东西都坚持下去。如果你是一个以英语为母语的人，没有接触过中国传统文化，普通话不是一门花一年、两年甚至三年内就可以掌握的语言。这不是在挖苦你的能力，因此，你需要制定你的动机，更重要的是制定实际学习过程，如果你不喜欢阅读课本，那就去看中国电影。如果你不喜欢看电影，那就听广播和歌曲。该过程越个性化，你的进步速度就越快。
Relationships: Although I don’t advise finding a partner just to learn a language, if serendipity does put you together with that special guy/ girl, then make use of the time to speak as much Mandarin as you can with him/ her.
Learn traditional characters first: If you take the time to learn traditional characters, you’ll be able to read simplified later on. But if you start with simplified, you’ll have a harder time reading/ writing traditional.
Travel: This ties back in with my first point. But there’s no better learning curve than by actually travelling through different parts of a country and experiencing first hand the history, the culture, the food, and landscapes. You’ll learn and remember so much more as opposed to just digesting textbook material because the language will be associated with memories that hopeful stay with you for a lifetime!
Hope this helps! 加油！！！ (Jia you!)
了解中国文化，学习如何用中国人的方式去表达。我花了五年多的时间学习普通话。在这段时间里，我与中国公司合作，与中国人共进晚餐，代表澳大利亚参加中文比赛，获得在台湾学习的奖学金。但有一件事我希望有人能告诉我，这样可以省去很多麻烦和争论，那就是你不能用同样的表达方式来说英语
人际关系：虽然我不建议仅仅为了学习一门语言而找一个伴侣，但如果偶然遇到了，那就利用这段时间尽可能多地和他/她说普通话。
先学繁体字：如果你花时间学繁体字，你以后就可以读简体字了。但是如果你从简体字开始，你读/写繁体字会比较困难。
旅行：这与我的第一点有关。没有比在一个国家游历不同地区，亲身体验历史、文化、食物和风景更好的学习曲线了。你会学到和记住更多内容，而不仅仅是消化课本材料，因为语言将与那些充满希望的记忆相伴一生！
希望这有帮助！加油！
詹姆斯·戈尔丹，住在上海
Let me assume that you are a beginner, and your first language is English.
1. The principal rule
You should always keep this in you brain: Chinese is a shape language(pictograph).
But English is a sound language. If you are good at recognize things or actions by their shapes or postures, then it will be much easier for you to memorize Chinese characters than you do in English(if you are not good at etymology.)
我需要了解你对汉语方面研究多深，以及你的第一语言是什么。
让我假设你是初学者，你的第一语言是英语。
主要规则
你应该时刻记住这一点：汉语是一种形状语言（象形文字）。
但是英语是一种有声语言。如果你擅长通过形状或姿势来识别事物或动作，那么你记住汉字比记住英语汉字要容易得多（如果你不擅长词源）。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Chinese vocabulary is nothing like English vocabulary. Generally, different things in English, even they are related, have different corresponding words.
we can construct words by using different adjectives+people, to describe the types, remember this, it is critical for you to have a good vocabulary:
词汇表。
汉语词汇和英语词汇完全不同。一般来说，英语中不同的事物，即使它们是相关的，也有不同的对应词。
我们可以用不同的形容词+人来构造词，来描述这些类型，记住这一点，拥有一个好的词汇表对你来说至关重要：
Some of the English teachers always complain Chinese students just don’t open their mouths wide enough when speaking English.
Yes, that is true. But if you open your mouth wide to speak Chinese as you do in English, you will never get it right.
The ancient Chinese people took humbleness and quietness as virtues. That life value affected pronunciations in their language a lot. They thought revealing too many teeth or too much of one’s tongue was rude and a sign of low education.
So, remember, control your mouth when you pronounce Chinese.
发音
一些英语老师总是抱怨中国学生在说英语时嘴巴张得不够大。
是的，那是真的。但是如果你像说英语那样张大嘴巴说中文，你永远说不对。
古代中国人把谦逊和安静视为美德。这种人生价值观对他们语言的发音影响很大。他们认为露出太多牙齿或太多舌头是粗鲁的，是受教育程度低的表现。
所以，记住，说汉语的时候要控制你的嘴。
莎拉·舒婷，就读于北京大学
How do I learn Mandarin? TV taught me.
OK, just joking. Actually, I don't know how to learn Chinese well and efficiently as a foreign language, because I'm a native speaker.
Now seriously, the reason why Chinese is difficult for foreigners, I think, is mostly because those Chinese characters. Native speakers only learn how to speak, but not read and write before they go to school. They have to learn those characters from the very beginning as well, almost the same way English native speakers do with English reading and writing. I'll tell you how we learn them at school.
我如何学习汉语？额，是我妈妈和爸爸教我的。
我如何学习普通话？电视教会了我。
好吧，开个玩笑。事实上，我不知道把汉语作为一门外语用什么方式能有效的学好，因为我是一个以汉语为母语的人。
言归正传，我认为外国人学汉语难的原因主要是因为那些汉字。以汉语为母语的人在上学之前只学习如何说话，而不学习阅读和写作。他们也必须从一开始就学习这些字符，几乎就像以英语为母语人士在英语阅读和写作中所做的那样。我会告诉你我们在学校是怎么学的。
Then, when we were able to read Pinyin with no trouble, we went for the radicals of which the Chinese characters are made. Each of the radicals has a common meaning, and the meaning of a character contains a radical is kind of related to the common meaning of the radical. So with each radical, we would learn some simple characters contain that radical as examples, and we were asked to write them down for 5 to 10 times in order to memorize them (to practice writing them stroke by stroke in the right order at the same time). By that way, we'd learn enough characters to read very simple storys after the first year at grade school. The text books we used were written in Chinese characters with Pinyin on top, so we can read them even when we don't recognize some of the characters. I suggest that you get a book like that. Many of the Chinese books for children contain Pinyin on top of each character.
After we learned simple characters, we began to learn characters with more strokes. And when a new character comes along, we'll make a list of the characters we already learned that look similar to the new one and try to use each of them to make up words, expressions, and then sentences, so as to know the differences between each character both in their appearances and meanings. And then again, we had to write all of them down for 5 to 10 times (by "all of them" I mean the new character, the similar characters, and those words and expressions consisting of these characters). That's how we learn new characters.
首先，我们学习了你会更熟悉的拼音，因为它更像英语，发音与英语的音标非常相似。你可以从那开始。
然后，当我们能够毫不费力地读懂拼音时，我们开始学习汉字的部首。每个部首都有一个共同的含义，而一个字符包含一个部首的含义与部首的共同含义有某种关联。因此，对于每个部首，我们将学习一些包含该部首的简单字符作为示例，我们被要求重复记忆它们5到10次，以便记住它们（同时练习按正确的顺序一笔一笔地写）。这样，我们就可以在小学一年级后学习足够多的数量来阅读非常简单的故事。我们使用的课本是用汉字写的，上面有拼音，所以即使我们不认识一些汉字，我们也可以阅读。我建议你买一本这样的书。许多中国儿童读物在每个汉字的顶部都有拼音。
在我们学习了简单的汉字之后，我们开始学习更多笔画的汉字。当一个新的汉字出现时，我们会把我们已经学过的与新汉字相似的部分列成一个列表，试着用它们组成单词、然后是句子，以便了解每个汉字在外观和意义上的差异。然后再次重复，我们必须把它们全部写下5到10遍（我说的“全部”是指新的字符，相似的字符，以及由这些字符组成的单词）。这就是我们学习新汉字的方式。
All the above are about read and write. As to the spoken Chinese, I think the best way is to listen more and try to speak and practice more, which is the same with any other languages.
I don't know if grammar helps, because, you know, native speakers don't know grammar very well. I think it's up to you. If you think grammar helps you a lot, you can learn some grammar. I guess it would be kind of helpful for foreign learners.
OK, that's all.
I hope my answer would help a little.
And, welcome to the Chinese world!
别忘了一次又一次地大声朗读。
以上所有内容都是关于读写的。至于汉语口语，我认为最好的方法是多听，多说多练，这与其他语言一样。
我不知道语法是否有用，因为，你知道，以英语为母语的人不太懂语法。我想这取决于你。如果你认为语法对你有很大帮助，你可以学一些语法。我想这会对外国学习者有所帮助。
好了，就这些。
我希望我的回答能对你有所帮助。
欢迎来到中国世界！
威廉·里根懂普通话
Download some language learning apps. I suggest Pleco (for dictionary), Clozemaster for short sentences and phrases, and Du Chinese for reading some simple passages. (Du Chinese includes the pinyin, tones, and English translation)
Buy some books for learning how to write characters. I think the books for BFSU (Beijing Foreign Studies University) are quite good. Learn the stroke order, radicals, and basic character structure.
Open your mouth. Watch Chinese TV. Listen to Chinese music. Find Chinese people to speak with. You’ll never improve unless you actually GO SPEAK.
Come to China. Full language immersion is the best way to learn.
Learning how to speak and listen to basic Chinese is quite easy. Learning how to read, write, and interpret the nuances of the language takes time. It takes dedication — you sitting in a seat and putting in the time.
Good luck!
同时学习拼音和声调。不要忽视学习正确的声调发音—因为以后纠正这一点比第一次纠正要花更多的时间。
下载一些语言学习应用程序。我建议Pleco（字典），Clozemaster（短句和短语）和Du Chinese（读一些简单的文章）。（Du中文包括拼音、声调和英文翻译）
买一些书来学习如何写汉字。我认为北京外国语大学的书很好。学习笔画顺序、部首和基本字符结构。
张开你的嘴。看中文电视、听中国音乐、找中国人交谈。你一定要真的去说话，否则你永远不会进步。
来中国吧。完全沉浸在语言环境中是最好的学习方式。
学习如何说和听基本的汉语是很容易的。学习如何读、写和解释语言的细微差别需要时间。它需要耐心—你坐在座位上并投入时间。
祝你好运！
Most foreign language learners would attest that combining language lessons and immersion is the most effective way to learn a foreign language. You can get Mandarin language lessons in a variety of ways such as language learning mobile apps, instructional videos, audio resources, language classes offered in your area, or online language lessons. Immersion is basically being in a place where Mandarin is commonly spoken, which allows you to practice the lessons you have learned so far and be able to learn from the local speakers as you go along. If you have the opportunity to combine both, you should be able to have an effective language learning experience.
大多数外语学习者都会证明，结合语言课和沉浸式学习是学习外语最有效的方法。您可以通过多种方式获得汉语课程，如语言学习移动应用程序、教学视频、音频资源、所在地区提供的语言课程或在线语言课程。沉浸式教学基本上是在一个普遍使用普通话的地方进行的，这样你就可以练习到目前为止所学的课程，并能够在学习过程中向当地人学习。如果你有机会将两者结合起来，你应该能够有一个有效的语言学习经验。