QA：你认为黑人更擅长体育运动是基因的原因吗？

Anonymous
West Africans and their descendants have a higher frequency of fast-twitch muscle fibre which allows them to have a powerful burst of pace and acceleration but brings on muscle fatigue faster. This gives you a great helping hand in a lot of sports like American Football, European Football and of course sprinting. I see a lot of Americans answering this question that believe Black people dominate every sport, newsflash they don't. Also, stop posting these pseudo-science articles on race, race has nothing to do with genetics, the genetics of a Black American is very different to a Black South African. Culture and Socioeconomics have a big part to play also, poor kids tend to have more spare time and less money to go out so are drawn to taking up sports. Sports are also a great way of pulling yourself out of poverty so a lot of kids from low-income families are incentivised to pursue a career in sports. But yeh West African people are indeed on average faster which helps them when competing in sports but just because you’re fast doesn't mean you’re physically superior to others. They are all dominated by Northern and Eastern Europeans and their descendants, I don't know why exactly it may have to do with genetics or diet. I imagine It indicates that testosterone levels tend to be on average higher in that region of the world for them to repeatedly churn out world-class heavyweight lifters. It just shows that certain groups of people tend to be better at certain sports it doesn't mean they are overall superior and it can also be helped by their environments and culture.

西非人和他们的后代拥有更高频率的快速收缩肌肉纤维，这让他们拥有强大的爆发力和加速力，但会加速肌肉疲劳。在很多运动中，比如美式足球、欧洲足球，当然还有短跑，这都会给你很大的帮助。我看到很多美国人回答这个问题，他们认为黑人主宰了每一项运动，但他们没有。还有，别再发这些关于种族的伪科学文章了，种族和基因没有关系，美国黑人的基因和南非黑人的基因是非常不同的。文化和社会经济学也有很大的作用，贫穷的孩子往往有更多的空闲时间，而没有钱外出，所以被体育活动吸引，而从事体育事业。体育运动也是摆脱贫困的好方法，所以很多来自低收入家庭的孩子都有动力追求体育事业。但是西非人的平均速度确实更快，这有助于他们在体育比赛中竞争，但仅仅因为你快并不意味着你的身体比别人好。他们都是北欧人和东欧人以及他们的后代，我不知道为什么这可能与基因或饮食有关。我想这表明在世界的那个地区睾酮水平平均要高一些因为他们不断地产生出世界级的重量级举重运动员。这只是表明，某些群体的人更擅长某些运动，这并不意味着他们在整体上更优秀，他们的环境和文化也有助于这一点。

Joe Belkin
Racists like to believe that but it’s very simple. Cultural and economics.
Because of outright racism and Jim Crow racism, Blacks in America did not have a lot of economic options but entertainment and sports/entertainment was consider low class activities so they were permitted to excel at it. So, if you have one of the FEW OPPORTUNITIES to get well off (maybe even rich), why not devote your time to it if you have the interest. Being a musician beats working in a dirty factory or picking crops … or boxer or playing baseball… some even got wildly wealthy (like a college graduate white) - colleges would even accept you while rejecting other blacks because you could play football or basketball (Wilt and Bill Russell were huge college stars) … BTW, blacks were considered to “not smart enough” to play basketball for the longest time or only good at short distance running until the African runners started dominating in the 1980’s to now
Again, some of it was cultural. Just like being a black preacher is an acceptable job because it was one of the few they could get paid and respected … just like sports and entertainment, a Jim Brown or Wilt revered by ALL.
Other cultures like Asians really didn’t come in numbers to the US until the 1950’s and as a culture favored education…and things like sports and entertainment were frowned upon as careers - it’s not easy to compare because the experiences of the two cultures and ethnicities are different just as African blacks are NOT the same as black Americans with ancestors before the 1970’s where you had slavery, outright racism and hidden racism to deal with. Just as Asians are not considered good athletes for the longest time but then you look at the Olympics, Asians are competitive in most sports (of course, geography and culture plays a part - if your country has no snow or ice, it’s hard to get real good at that sport or even in the US, not a not of Florida natives on the US ski team).

种族主义者喜欢相信这一点，但其实很简单。是文化和经济的原因。
因为彻底的种族主义和吉姆克劳主义，使得美国的黑人没有很多经济选择，但娱乐和体育/娱乐被认为是低阶层的活动，所以他们被允许在这方面做得很好。所以，如果你有为数不多的机会使自己变得富裕(甚至富有)，并且如果你对这方面也有兴趣，为什么不把你的时间花在这上面呢？成为一名音乐家比在肮脏的工厂工作、收割庄稼、拳击手或打棒球要好得多，有些人甚至变得非常富有(比如大学毕业的白人)——大学甚至会接受你，而拒绝其他黑人，因为你可以踢足球或打篮球(威尔特和比尔·拉塞尔是大学里的明星)。顺便说一下，黑人被认为“不够聪明”，打篮球的持久力不长，或者只擅长短距离跑步，直到20世纪80年代，非洲选手才开始在短跑上占据统治地位。
还有一些是文化方面的原因。就比如作为一名黑人牧师，这是一份可以接受的工作，因为这是他们能得到报酬和尊重的少数工作之一，就像体育和娱乐一样，吉姆·布朗或威尔特受到所有人的尊敬。
其他文化，如亚洲文化，直到20世纪50年代才大量涌入美国，而作为一种文化，教育更受欢迎，而体育和娱乐等事业则不受欢迎。所以比较起来并不容易，因为两种文化和种族的经历是不同的，就像非洲黑人和美国黑人一样，他们的祖先在20世纪70年代以前是奴隶，存在着完全的种族主义和隐藏的种族主义问题。就像亚洲人在很长一段时间内都不被认可是优秀的运动员一样，但你看看如今的奥运会，亚洲人在大多数体育项目上都很有竞争力(当然，地理和文化也有影响——如果你的国家没有冰雪，你就很难真正擅长滑雪运动，甚至在美国，美国滑雪队里的佛罗里达人也不例外)。

James Alexander-Rodriguez
blacks are better from a purely statistical point of view. They make up 12 percent of the population and account for more than 40 percent in all those sports in which they participate.
The scientific evidence for black athletic superiority is overwhelming.
The correlation between genetics and athletic performance has long been a general topic of discussion among scientists, athletes, coaches, sports fans, and the general public, particularly in light of the success of African and African-American athletes in certain sports. The notion of racial differences in athletic performance has been connected by some scientists to the amount of fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscles possessed by different “racial” groups. This raises the question of whether a specific racial group might be inherently better at certain athletic events.

从纯粹的统计角度来看，黑人更优秀。他们占人口的12%，在他们参加的所有体育项目中占了40%以上。
黑人在运动上的优势是压倒性的。
基因和运动表现之间的相关性一直是科学家、运动员、教练、体育迷和普通大众讨论的一个普遍话题，特别是考虑到非洲和非洲裔美国运动员在某些运动上的成功。一些科学家认为，运动表现上的种族差异与不同“种族”群体拥有的快肌和慢肌的数量有关。这就提出了一个问题:某个特定的种族群体是否天生就更擅长某些体育赛事？

Frank Truth
There is no question about it. They have more testosterone. They are more muscular, have deeper voices, more fast twitch muscles, bigger sex organs.
Blacks were not to long ago members of African tribes that hunted to survive, and engaged in tribal warfare which has the evolutionary advantage of increasing gene pool diversity.
American blacks had to survive a perilous journey to the US. And as slaves they were most bred and valued for their physical strength.
Violent childhoods also increases testosterone production.
Most everything is genetics. Environment and nurture play a role—a much smaller role than genetics.
Yes. Blacks on average have higher testosterone levels than whites. And Whites on average have higher testosterone levels than Asians.
Black men, on average, have deeper voices, and a more muscular physique with better definition.

这是毫无疑问的。他们有更多的睾丸激素。他们肌肉更发达，声音更低沉，肌肉收缩更快，性器官更大。
黑人在不久以前还是非洲部落的成员，靠狩猎为生，并参与部落战争，这具有增加基因库多样性的进化优势。
美国黑人不得不在前往美国的危险旅程中生存下来。作为奴隶，人们最看重的是他们的体力。
暴力的童年也会增加睾丸激素的分泌。
几乎所有的一切都是基因的作用。环境和培养在其中发挥了作用——但比基因的作用小得多。
是的，黑人的睾丸激素水平平均高于白人。白人的睾丸激素水平平均高于亚洲人。
一般来说，黑人男性的声音更低沉，肌肉更强健，轮廓更清晰。

Thomas McKeon
I played basketball with and against black players for 25 years. I played against white players just as long. The major difference that I saw that gave them an edge physically was in their legs. Some couldn’t play at all. Some were excellent. The same for white players. A small percentage are excellent in both races because they put so much time into becoming great. White guys had smaller thighs and bigger calf’s. Black guy’s had muscular thighs and sinewy calf muscles. The good black athlete was able to elevate higher than a good white athlete. Next time you watch a game on television check out the difference. Bulky calf muscles are great for strength but not running and jumping. It’s an observation made over decades of playing. It doesn’t apply to every white or black athlete, but the majority of the athletes fit the bill.

我和黑人球员打了25年的篮球。我和白人球员也打了很长一段时间。我认为他们在身体上有优势的主要区别是他们的腿。有些人打球打的不行，有些人就很优秀。白人球员也是如此。有一小部分人在两场比赛中都表现很出色，因为他们花了很多时间让自己变得很优秀。白人的大腿较小，而小腿较大。黑人的大腿肌肉发达，小腿肌肉也很发达。黑人运动员比白人运动员跳得更高。下次你在看电视比赛的时候，可以看看有什么区别。庞大的小腿肌肉有助于增强力量，但不利于跑步和跳跃。这是我打了几十年球观察出来的结果。这并不适用于所有白人或黑人运动员，但大多数运动员都符合这一标准。

Marko Velikonja
I believe people have different physiological characteristics that make them better at certain sports.
It’s pretty clear - not just from U.S. experience but international - that West Africans and others with West African ancestry tend to have more fast-twitch muscle fibre, which lends itself to sprinting. Most Black Americans are descended from West Africa and so tend to dominate sprinting. East Africans tend to have more slower-twitch muscle fibres, which lend themselves to distance running and other endurance sports. So you see international distance running dominated by runners from Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, and other countries from the region. And not many top sprinters from there.
Team sports, which require a combination of physiological characteristics and skill, are a different matter. While a lot of Black players were said to be “natural athletes.” Many felt the need to point out that they had in fact worked just as hard to get where they were.

我相信人们有不同的生理特征，使他们更擅长某些运动。
这一点很清楚——不仅从美国的经验来看，从国际经验来看也是如此，西非人和其他有西非血统的人往往有更多的快收缩肌肉纤维，这有利于短跑。大多数美国黑人都是西非人的后裔，因此在短跑比赛中占据主导地位。东非人往往有更多的慢肌纤维，这使他们更适合长跑和其他耐力运动。所以你可以看到，国际长跑运动的霸主是来自肯尼亚、埃塞俄比亚、乌干达和该地区其他国家的运动员。而那里没有多少顶尖的短跑运动员。
团队运动则是另一回事，它需要结合生理特征和技能。而很多黑人运动员被认为是“天生的运动员”。许多人觉得有必要指出，他们实际上也是通过同样的努力才取得现在的成就的。

Thomas Ryugo
No.
Professional athletes represent a small subset of the cream of the cream of the crop. Most of them have fought their way to the top through competition starting in grade school and with each step it gets exponentially more difficult - every college athlete was likely All-City or All-State in high school and every pro athlete was an All-American.
Also, there’s a lot of self sextion because African-Americans who grow up poor were often encouraged to use sports to escape poverty. Way back in the 1950s, White athletes stopped considering boxing. More recently, White athletes largely quit football. Perhaps a lot of White parents didn’t want their sons to get their heads beat in and told them to focus on school.
For every conditioned African-American elite athlete, there are many overweight, out-of-shape African-Americans with diabetes and cardiovascular issues.

不是的
职业运动员只是精英中的一小部分。他们中的大多数人从小学开始就通过竞争奋斗到顶尖选手，之后每一步都变得越来越困难——每个大学运动员在高中时都可能是全市或全州的最佳运动员，每个职业运动员都是全美最佳运动员。
此外，还有很多自我选择，因为在贫困中长大的非裔美国人经常被鼓励通过体育来摆脱贫困。早在20世纪50年代，白人运动员就不再考虑参与拳击这项运动了。最近，大多白人运动员退出了足球运动。也许很多白人父母不希望他们的儿子被打得头破血流，而是想让他们专心学习。
在每一个有条件训练的非裔美国精英运动员的背后，都有许多超重、身材走形、患有糖尿病和心血管疾病的非裔美国人。
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Claire Jordan
Not as such, but black people with recent ancestry in the Great Rift Valley, specifically, do tend to have more efficient muscle fibres which make them better at certain kinds of speed sports. And there are a few African ethnicites who are among the tallest people in the world, which gives them an edge in basketball.

事实并非如此，特别是在东非大裂谷有近代血统的黑人，他们的肌肉纤维更有效，使他们在某些速度运动中表现更好。还有一些非洲种族的人是世界上最高的人，这让他们在篮球方面有优势。

Gill Bullen
Kenya breeds amazing runners, for example!

例如，肯尼亚培育了速度惊人的跑步者！

Randy Klear
Kenyan and Ethiopian runners benefit from the mountainous terrain. Virtually all their training is at high altitude.

肯尼亚和埃塞俄比亚的跑步者受益于山地地形。他们几乎所有的训练都是在高海拔地区进行的。

William Reich
Distance runners. West Africa has sprinters

长跑运动员，西非有短跑运动员

Matt Williams
That's due to the altitude in the mountainous region. Their ancestors came from and evolved in a somewhat hypoxic environment anyway so when they come down to sea level and run with the rest of us their lungs are several steps ahead of their competitors in functioning under that type of situation.

这是由于山区的海拔高度。无论如何，他们的祖先是在缺氧的环境中进化而来的，所以当他们降落到海平面和我们一起奔跑时，他们的肺在这种情况下的功能比他们的竞争对手领先了很多。

William Reich
Many of the best players in one of my favorite sports are Polynesians.

在我最喜欢的一项运动中，许多最好的运动员都是波利尼西亚人。

Arnold Wünsche
Scandinavian people are not that tall, people from Montenegro and Holland are tallest in the world on average.

斯堪的纳维亚人没有那么高，黑山和荷兰的人是世界上平均最高的。

Nadine Cherie
Anyone can be good at sport If you train for it! Some black people see sport as the only way out so they focus on it and train hard. Also some White, Asians, and so on train hard and become amazing athletes. It has nothing to do with race. It’s all about the work you put it.

任何人都可以擅长某项运动，只要你为此付出训练！一些黑人把体育视为唯一的出路，所以他们专注于体育，刻苦训练。还有一些白人、亚洲人等经过刻苦训练，成为了不起的运动员。这和种族无关。关键在于你付出的努力。

Colin Burnett
‘It has nothing to do with race’
No, but it does have a lot to do with genetics
You’re right, anyone can be good at sport but if you’re genetically disposed to be a sprinter, you’re not going to reach the top as a distance runner
Kenyans and Ethiopians aren’t world-class distance runners because they’re black, they were genetically conditioned by their high-altitude environment

“这与种族无关”
不，但这确实和基因有很大关系
你是对的，任何人都可以擅长某项运动，但如果你天生就是短跑运动员，你就不可能成为长跑运动员
肯尼亚人和埃塞俄比亚人不是世界级的长跑运动员，因为他们是黑人，他们的基因使他们适应了高海拔的环境

David Evans
Generally true, except for the “anybody can be good at sport" bit. You whole, valid, argument about genetic factors, by definition, also means that genetically some people are not cut out for being good at sport. Some people are born with poor handt/eye coordination. Others with genetic heart and lung issues. There are many genetic traits that can stop people being good at sport. That isn't to say they cannot participate and enjoy, but they won't ever be classified in the elite category.

总的来说是正确的，除了“任何人都擅长运动”这句话。根据定义，关于基因因素的完整、有效的争论，也意味着从基因上讲，有些人天生就不擅长运动。有些人天生手/眼协调能力差。还有一些人有遗传的心肺疾病。有许多基因特征可以阻止人们擅长运动。这并不是说他们不能参与和享受某项运动，但他们永远不会被归入精英行列。

Dave McKagan
Race is determined by genes. If you brought up a group of Samoans in Kenya, the Samoans would still have a natural advantage in contact sports, not distance running.

种族是由基因决定的。如果你在肯尼亚养了一群萨摩亚人，萨摩亚人仍然在身体接触运动上有天然优势，而不是长跑。

Colin Burnett
Over how many generations?

过了多少代人?

Dave McKagan
As long as you want to wait. Samoans are naturally bulkier with higher bone density.

你想等多久就等多久。萨摩亚人天生体格庞大，骨密度较高。

James Flack
it depends which sport you look at.
For Sprinters, fast twitch muscle fibres are very helpful- and black people generally have more of them, thanks to genetics.
Weighlifting? There are genetic traits working against most black people. One major factor is limb length- weighlifters want short limbs, and there is a genetic trait for black people to have longer limbs in relation to their body,once controlling for other factors.
Then you can find sports where there is probably no real racial genetic difference. I’d suggest skill based ones like Archery or sailing here.

这取决于你关注的是哪种运动。
对于短跑运动员来说，快速收缩肌肉纤维非常有用——由于基因，黑人通常拥有更多的快速收缩肌肉纤维。
举重？基因特征对大多数黑人不利。一个主要的因素是肢体长度——举重运动员需要短的肢体，而黑人在控制了其他因素后，黑人的四肢相对于他们的身体更长，这是一种基因特征。
那么你就可以找到一些可能不存在真正种族基因差异的运动项目。我认为以技能为基础的运动项目，比如射箭或帆船。

Marion Howard
I can’t speak for all Black people(majority African/sub Saharan) but for Black Americans it’s possible “slave breeding” is partially responsible.
When African slaves were brought to America the Slave masters would often choose and sext the strongest tallest and fittest Black males for their plantations, the weak and scrawny slaves were disposed of or castrated so they didn’t reproduce as much.
White men are naturally stockier and huskier giving them strength but Black men are actually more muscular and lean giving them strength as well.
The natural musculature combined with slave labor and sextive breeding created a type of pseudo evolution in Black American men causing them to relatively have more athleticism and heightened physicality compared to White men and other Americans.

我不能代表所有的黑人(主要是非洲人/撒哈拉以南的人)，但对美国黑人来说，“奴隶生育”可能是部分原因。
当非洲奴隶被带到美国时，奴隶主们通常会选择最强壮、最高、最健康的黑人男性来种植他们的种植园，那些瘦弱的奴隶会被处理掉或阉割，这样他们就不会繁殖更多的后代。
白人男性天生比较健壮，这给了他们力量，但黑人男性实际上肌肉更发达，也更精瘦，这也给了他们力量。
与奴隶劳动和选择性繁殖相结合的自然肌肉组织在美国黑人男性中创造了一种伪进化，使他们相对于白人和其他美国人有更多的运动能力和更高的身体素质。

Elizabeth Henderson
I can see the force of your argument, but why have these physical advantages not disappeared in the nearly 200 years since slavery was abolished?

我能理解你的论点，但是为什么这些身体上的优势在奴隶制被废除后的近200年里没有消失呢？

Lowell Jackson
People are good at sports they play. It has a lot more to do with local culture than biology. About 25 or 30 years ago, Jamaica decided they wanted to be good at sprinting. Today they’re great at sprinting. They’re not good at soccer.
The French won the last soccer World Cup. France takes soccer very seriously.
Weightlifting is dominated by Asians — pretty much from Turkey to China with the exception of India. That’s a diverse group.
Eastern Europeans have a much greater presence in the NBA than white Americans. White Americans from the Northeast and Midwest play a lot more hockey than white Americans from the South and West.
Whatever the sport, the people who are best at it are the ones who play the most.

人们擅长某项运动。这与当地文化的关系比生物学大得多。大约25或30年前，牙买加认为他们擅长短跑。如今，他们确实擅长短跑运动。但他们不擅长足球运动。
法国队赢得了上届世界杯。法国非常重视足球。
举重运动由亚洲人主导——基本上从土耳其到中国，印度除外。这是一个多元化的群体。
东欧人在NBA的影响力比美国白人大得多。来自东北部和中西部的白人比来自南部和西部的白人更喜欢打曲棍球。
无论什么运动，最擅长的人就是参与这项运动最多的人。

Kendra Daar
No. Just like the blanket statement “white people are smarter then black people” you can’t use those same generalities to define an entire race over another.

不，就像那句话"白人比黑人聪明"一样，你不能用同样的概括来定义整个种族。

Billy Boy
Boxing didn’t have a heavyweight champ for over ten years until 2015. They don’t have a heavyweight champ now. Whites hold most of the records too. Longest reigning champ was Klitschko. 10 years. Current heavyweight champ is Fury. Yup a white guy. He beat wilder so bad he almost died in the ring. Most champs in every weight class are white. Whites completely dominate combat sports.

直到2015年，拳击界已经有十多年没有重量级冠军了。他们现在没有重量级冠军。白人也保持着大部分的记录。在位时间最长的冠军是克利钦科，10年，现在的重量级冠军是弗瑞。是的，他是一个白人。他打得太狠了，差点在擂台上丧命。每个重量级的冠军大多是白人。白人完全主宰了格斗项目。

John O'Neal
There are significant, measurable, physical differences between the races. Many of those differences are directly pertinent to sports performance.
While I am no expert, I do know blacks have both longer limbs and larger lungs than whites. Both of those are direct influences on athletic performance .
Other factors do indeed come in to play, but there are legitimate genetic factors as well.

种族之间存在着显著的、可量化的生理差异。其中许多差异与运动表现直接相关。
虽然我不是专家，但我知道黑人的四肢比白人长，肺也比白人大。这两者都对运动表现有直接影响。
其他因素确实起到了作用，但也有合理的基因因素起了一定的作用。

Timothy Bend
One only has to look at the number of black people in basketball to see that there is an advantage in height, that most of us whites don’t tend to get. But of course not all black people get it either. So yes, there is probably a genetic component that gives some black people and advantage in certain areas, but it’s hardly universal, and it depends on which sport too.

只要看看篮球场上黑人的数量，就会发现他们在身高上有优势，而这是我们大多数白人所没有的。当然也不是所有的黑人都有这种优势。所以，是的，可能有基因因素让一些黑人在某些领域有优势，但这并不是普遍的，同时也取决于哪种运动。
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Laurence Olivier
In a way, yes. Black athletes are strong and skilled because they had strong ancestors. They are an example of the Darwinian law of Natural sextion. More than half of all the slaves on the slave ships died before reaching the New World. The ones who survived were the strongest. Modern people of African descent have inherited their genes.

在某种程度上，是的。黑人运动员强壮而有技能，因为他们有强壮的祖先。它们是达尔文自然选择定律的一个例子。奴隶船上一半以上的奴隶在到达新大陆之前就死了。幸存下来的都是最强壮的。现代非洲人后裔遗传了他们的基因。