关于急救，每个人应该知道什么？-网帖翻译-龙腾网

Robert Frantz
Prepare yourself for the shortest First Aid course in history.

为历史上最短的急救课程做好准备。

First aid has an ancient history and the military in all its various forms had a massive influence. That’s why this antique first aid kit of mine is painted olive drab.

急救有着悠久的历史，军队以各种形式对急救产生了巨大的影响。这就是为什么我的这个古董急救箱涂成了橄榄褐色的原因。

1.First aid is the provision of care to the ill and injured to preserve life until definitive medical care can be delivered. So, when it gets right down to it all of first aid is dealing with the immediate emergency. If you are present at an actual medical emergency first send someone to call for definitive help. Call 911! You with your 5 minute first aid course are a very temporary measure.

1.急救是向病人和受伤者提供护理，以维持生命，直到医疗人员到达现场。所以，当危急事情真正发生的时候，所有的急救措施都是处理紧急情况。如果你遇到了一个医疗紧急情况，首先派人打911电话寻求专业帮助。你能提供的紧急救护只能算是一个非常临时的措施。

Ensure your own safety. I have a few horrific stories concerning a well meaning rescuer being hit by a car in the side of the road trying to deliver care. I even know a physician who lost a leg after being struck by a drunk driver while trying to help someone. Think four times… no, five times, before getting out of your car at a car wreck. Never go into the water to save a drowning person. If the shooting is still going on make sure you are under cover. You cannot help anyone if you are killed. Likewise, becoming a second casualty makes the saving of both of you twice as hard.

提供紧急救护时，首选确保自己的安全。我之前听过一些可怕的故事，一个善意的救援者在路边试图提供护理时被一辆汽车撞倒。我甚至认识一个医生，他在帮助别人的时候被一个醉酒的司机撞断了一条腿。遇到车祸现场，当你想下车提供帮助时，先三思而后行。千万不要急于下水去救落水的人。如果遇到枪战，首先确保你有掩护。如果你被杀了，你就不能帮助任何人了。同样的，成为第二个牺牲者会让拯救你们两个的过程变得更加艰难。

2.Airway. Most people who die quickly do so for lack of a patent airway. If the patient is chemically impaired and breathing turn them on their side so secretions can flow from their mouth. Likewise for people who just suffered a seizure. There is NO NEED to pry a seizure victims’ mouth open with a spoon or your fingers. Wait until the seizure passes and turn them on their side. Don’t get your finger bitten off. Refer to point 1 above!

2.保证患者呼吸道顺畅。大多数快速死亡的人都是因为呼吸道不畅。如果患者化学物质中毒，让他们侧卧，这样分泌物就可以从口中流出。对于刚刚癫痫发作的人来说也是如此。没有必要用勺子或手指撬开癫痫发作患者的嘴。等到癫痫发作过去，把他们翻过来。别让患者把你的手指咬掉了。请参考上面的第一点

3.Breathing. If the patient is not breathing refer to point 2 above. Many times it is because their airway is occluded with their tongue. Thrusting their jaw forward with gentle pressure is typically enough to open them again. If the airway is occluded due to choking you will need to remove the foreign material using the Heimlich maneuver or removing it from their mouth if you can see it. Don’t get your finger bitten off. Did I mention that?

3.呼吸。如病人停止呼吸，请参阅上文第2点。很多时候是因为他们的气道被舌头堵塞了。轻轻地向前推动他们的下巴，通常就可以使他们再次张开。目前的心肺复苏术标准已经不再那么支持救援呼吸了。现在只剩下压迫式心肺复苏术了。如果由于异物呛到导致气道阻塞，你需要使用哈姆立克急救法清除异物，或者如果你能看到的话，将异物从他们的口中清除。注意，别让他们把你的手指咬掉了。我之前也提到过。

Circulation. You have to know where to check a pulse and I recommend the carotid artery because it’s right where you will be checking the airway anyway at neck. No pulse? It’s CPR time. If there is an AED…. Retrieve it. Read the instructions and hopefully a “shock” will be indicated. They are already technically dead so you cannot hurt them. Do what you have to do.

4.保证血液循环。你必须知道在哪里检查脉搏，我建议你检查颈动脉，因为它正好在你检查颈部呼吸道的位置。没有脉搏？那就该做心肺复苏了。如果有自动体外除颤器，立刻去取，先阅读说明，希望能对患者进行“电击”抢救。记住..他们在医学上已经死了，所以你不会进一步伤害他们。做你该做的。

Disability. Bleeding is controlled by direct pressure. If it’s oozing a little pressure will do. If it’s spurting? More pressure will be required. Use anything clean and preferably cloth-like to put over open wounds and apply enough pressure to stop the bleeding. Forget tourniquets. I’ve never had to use one even with amputations. If a limb really hurts… it may be broken. Try to immobilize it any way feasible.

残疾。直接按压止血。如果血只渗出一点点，轻轻按一下就可以了。如果血直接喷出来了，需要使劲按压。使用任何干净的东西，最好是布状的东西放在伤口上，并使劲按压阻止出血。忘记止血带吧，即使在截肢手术中，我也从未使用过它。如果你感觉四肢真的很疼... 那有可能已经断掉了。尽量用任何可行的方法固定住它。

Comfort. If all else fails… be nice. Reassurance is the best medicine of all. There is a LOT of fear involved in these events. Check your own pulse. Be calm. That is the very best and most rare thing in any emergency.

舒适。如果其他方法都失败了，那就友好一点。安慰是最好的良药。摊上这样的事情，肯定会很害怕。你要控制好情绪，保持冷静。在任何紧急情况下，保持冷静都是最好也是最不容易做到的事情

Immanuel Coco-Bassey
Now some knowledge of first aid could mean the difference between life and death because you’re sole aim, is to make the situation better and not to make it worse.

现在，一些急救知识可能意味着生与死的区别，因为你的唯一目的，就是让情况变得更好，而不是让它变得更糟。

I’ll drop a few basic first aid tips you could live by.

我会教你一些基本的急救技巧。

The three P’s:

记住三个P原则:

?Prevent life.

拯救生命。

?Prevent further injury.

防止进一步伤害。

?Promote recovery.

促进康复。

Pretty simple you may think, but when someone gets injured you might panic and forget to do what is necessary to make better the situation. The three P’s remind you of the basics; do what you can to save the person’s life, do what you can to keep them from sustaining further injuries and lastly do what you can to make them feel better and recover.

你可能认为这很简单，但是当有人受伤时，你可能会惊慌失措，忘记做必要的事情来使情况变得更好。这三P原则提醒你一些基本的东西: 尽你所能挽救病人的生命，尽你所能防止他们继续受到伤害，最后尽你所能让他们感觉更好，恢复健康。

2. Check the Scene For Danger

2. 检查现场是否有危险
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Before you provide help to an injured person, check your surrounding for impending danger, you don’t want to get yourself hurt in the process. The truth is if you get hurt whilst trying to be the superhero, who’s going to save you and the person you were about to save. For example, you want to save a guy who got knocked down on a busy highway, you had better check for oncoming vehicles lest you get knocked down by one.

在你给受伤的人提供帮助之前，检查你周围是否有危险，你不想在拯救别人的过程中受伤。事实是，如果你在试图成为超级英雄的过程中受到伤害，谁会拯救你和你将要拯救的人。例如，你想要拯救一个在繁忙的高速公路上被撞倒的人，你最好先注意一下迎面而来的车辆，以免被撞倒。

Once it’s safe you can then advance to rescue the injured person.

一旦安全了，你就可以进去营救受伤的人了。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

3. Treating Cuts and Scrapes

3. 治疗割伤和擦伤

Blood is an integral part of our bodies, so when someone is bleeding, your top most priority should be how to stop the bleeding. Try and find a bandage or clean cloth and then:

血液是我们身体不可分割的一部分，所以当有人在流血时，你最优先考虑的应该是如何止血。试着找一块绷带或干净的布，然后:

? Apply gentle pressure 20–30 minutes

轻轻按压20-30分钟

? Clean the wound by gently running clean water over it. Don’t use soap on an open wound.

用清水轻轻冲洗伤口。不要在未愈合的伤口上使用肥皂。

? Apply antibiotics to the wound like Neosporin.

在伤口上使用抗生素如 Neosporin。

? Cover the wound with bandage.

用绷带包扎伤口。

If someone has a nosebleed, he/she lean forward with a cloth pressed against the nostrils until the blood flow stops.

如果有人流鼻血，让他/她身体前倾，用一块布压住鼻孔，直到血流停止。

The human body is usually good at patching up small cuts and scrapes but deeper cuts will require medical attention.

人类的身体通常善于修补小伤口和擦伤，但是更深的伤口需要医疗救治。

? Apply pressure.

有手按住伤口。

? Don’t apply any ointment. Cover the wound with loose cloth to avoid contaminants infecting the wound.

不要涂抹任何软膏。用布覆盖伤口，以免污染物感染伤口。

? Seek medical attention immediately.

立即就医。

4. Treating Sprains

4. 治疗扭伤

Sprains usually not very serious injuries and will most likely heal on their own. Still there are steps you can take to ease the swelling. The swelling is caused by blood flow to the hurt area. You can reduce the swelling by applying ice because ice restricts the blood vessels from excess blood flow.

扭伤通常不是非常严重的伤害，最有可能会自愈。你仍然可以采取一些措施来缓解肿胀。肿胀是由于血液流向受伤部位造成的。你可以通过使用冰块来减少肿胀，因为冰块限制了血管的过量血流。

? Keep the injure limb elevated.

把受伤的肢体抬高。

? Wrap the ice in a cloth or put it in a plastic bag and then apply to the area.

用布包裹冰块或放入塑料袋中，然后敷在伤口处。

5. Treating Heat Exhaustion

5. 治疗中暑

Heat exhaustion is a result of prolonged exposure to high temperatures especially when the person is handling strenuous work or hasn’t had enough water. The symptoms include:

中暑是长时间暴露在高温下的结果，特别是当这个人正在从事繁重的工作或者没有喝足够的水的时候。症状包括:

? Heavy sweating Dizziness Weak pulse Muscle cramps Nausea Headaches

大量出汗、头晕、脉搏微弱、肌肉抽筋、恶心、头痛

To treat someone with heat exhaustion you should:

要治疗中暑衰竭患者，你应该:

? Get the person to a covered area out of the sun.

将患者带到一个有遮阳的地方。

? If there are no covered places, keep the person covered with any material that covers the sun.

如果没有遮盖的地方，用任何遮盖阳光的材料将患者遮盖起来。

? Give the person water and keep him/her hydrated.

给他/她喝水，让他/她保持水分。

? Keep cool cloth on their forehead to lower the body temperature.

在额头上敷一下凉爽的衣物，以降低体温。

6. Treating Hypothermia

6. 治疗体温过低

Hypothermia is caused by exposure to cold temperatures. It begins to occur when your body temperature drops below 95 degrees Fahrenheit.

体温过低是由于暴露在寒冷的温度下引起的。当你的体温下降到华氏95度以下时，很有可能出现体温过低的情况。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Symptoms:

症状有:

? Shivering Slurred speech and mumbling Weak pulse Weak coordination cold skin Loss of consciousness

颤抖、说话含糊不清，喃喃自语、脉搏微弱、协调不力、冰冷的皮肤、失去意识

Treatment

治疗
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Be very gentle with the person, don’t rub their body and don’t move their body jarringly as this could trigger a cardiac arrest

对这个人要非常温柔，不要摩擦他们的身体，也不要晃动他们的身体，因为这可能会引发心脏骤停

? Move the person out of the cold and remove any wet clothing.

让病人离开寒冷的地方，脱掉湿衣服。

? Cover the person with blankets and use heat packs (please don’t apply heat directly to the skin as this may cause serious skin damage resulting in more harm than good)

给患者盖上毯子，并使用热敷包(请不要直接敷在皮肤上，因为这可能会导致严重的皮肤损伤，弊大于利)
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

? Let then drink warm fluids

喝点热饮

7. Treating Burns

7. 治疗烧伤

Before you commence treatment on any kind of burn, you must first know the kinda burns that you’re treating as there are different types of burns. They are four actually and they are:

在你开始治疗任何类型的烧伤之前，你必须首先知道你正在治疗的是哪种烧伤，因为有不同类型的烧伤。烧伤可以分为四种等级:

? First degree burn: Only the outer layer skin is burnt. The skin is swollen and red and looks similar to a sunburn.

一度烧伤: 只有外层皮肤被烧伤。皮肤红肿，看起来像是晒伤。

? Second degree burn: Some of the inner layer of the skin is burnt. Look for blistering skin. Thus usually is a vey painful burn.

二度烧伤: 部分皮肤内层被烧伤，皮肤起水泡。这通常是一种非常痛苦的烧伤。

? Third degree burn: all of the inner skin is burnt. The wound is whitish or blackened color. Some third degree burns could be deep and painless because the nerve endings have been destroyed.

三度烧伤: 皮肤内部全部烧伤。伤口颜色发白或变黑。一些三级烧伤可能是深度和无痛的，因为神经末梢已经被破坏。

? Fourth degree burns: This kinda burn has penetrated all tissues up to tendons and the bones.

四度烧伤: 这种烧伤已经渗透到了包括肌腱和骨头在内的所有组织。

Also there are two kinds of burn severities which are minor burns and major burns.

按烧伤严重程度又可分为轻度烧伤和重度烧伤。

? Minor burns: first degree to mild second degree burns.

轻度烧伤: 一度至轻微二度烧伤。

?Major Burns: moderate second degree burns to fourth degree burns.

重度烧伤: 中度二级烧伤至四度烧伤。

Minor burns don’t need extensive treatment but you should:

轻度烧伤不需要大量的治疗，但是你应该:

? Run cool water over the affected part (don’t use icy or very cold water).

用凉水冲洗患处(不要用冰水或很冷的水)。

? Don’t break the blisters.

不要弄破水泡。

?Apply moisturizer over the area like aloe Vera (or just apply petroleum jelly like Vaseline).

在身体部位涂抹保湿霜，如芦荟(或凡士林)。

? Take the burned person out of sunlight .

让烧伤的人远离阳光。

? Have the person take ibuprofen or acetaminophen for pain relief.

让患者服用布洛芬(ibuprofen)或对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen)缓解疼痛。

Major burns are no joke,that they require immediate medical assistance. To aid someone with a major burn:

严重烧伤可不是开玩笑的，他们需要立即的医疗救助。为了帮助严重烧伤的人:

? Do not apply ointments

不应使用药膏

? Cover wound with loose cloth to avoid contaminants from infecting it.

用布覆盖伤口，以免受污染。

8. Allergic Reactions

8. 过敏反应

An allergic reaction is a result of your being hypersensitive to a foreign substance like bee stings, certain foods and drug ingredients. Anaphylaxis is a life threatening allergic reaction that could be triggered by any of those allergens.

过敏反应是你对外来物质过敏的结果，如蜜蜂叮咬，某些食物和药物成分。过敏反应是一种威胁生命的过敏反应，可能由任何一种过敏原引发。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

The best way to treating an allergic reaction is to use an EpiPen( an EpiPen or epinephrine autoinjector is an ergonomic needle that is used to inject epinephrine (adrenaline) into someone suffering from a serious allergic reaction. The epinephrine suppresses the effect of the allergies.

治疗过敏反应的最好方法是使用肾上腺素笔 (肾上腺素或肾上腺素自动注射器是一种人体工程学的针头，用于向患有严重过敏反应的人注射肾上腺素。肾上腺素能抑制过敏反应。

If someone has an allergy:

如果有人过敏:

? Keep the person calm(reassure them that everything is going to be okay to help them relax and trust you too. Reassuring goes a long way in keeping them calm and stable knowing their life actually is in safe hands). Ask them if they use an EpiPen and have one on them.

?让对方保持冷静(向他们保证一切都会好起来，帮助他们放松，让他们信任你。让他们知道他们现在没有危险，让他们安心有助于他们保持冷静和稳定。询问他们是否使用EpiPen肾上腺素笔，以及身上有没有带。

? Have the person lie down and keep their feet elevated 12 inches.

让患者躺下，双脚抬高12英寸。

? Make sure the person’s clothing is loose to aid breathing.

确保患者的衣服宽松以帮助呼吸。

? Avoid giving them food, drink or medicine.

不要给他们食物、饮料或药物。

? If appropriate use an EpiPen. Learn how to inject an EpiPen in someone having an allergy.

如果适当的话，使用肾上腺素笔 EpiPen。学习如何给过敏症患者注射 EpiPen。

? Wait 5–15 after using an EpiPen. If the allergic reaction isn’t subdued, you may be requiredto administer a second dose.

使用 EpiPen 后等待5-15分钟。如果过敏反应没有减轻，你可能需要注射第二剂。

9. Treating Fractures

9. 治疗骨折
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

? Don’t try to straighten a fractured limb

不要试图拉直断裂的四肢

? Use a splint or padding to stabilize the area.

使用夹板或填充物来固定骨折的地方。

? Apply a cold pack to the area. Don’t apply it directly to the skin, wrap it in a cloth or out it in a plastic.

敷上冷敷包。不要直接敷在皮肤上，用布包起来或者用塑料包起来。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

? Give the person an anti-inflammatory drug like ibuprofen.

给患者服用消炎药，比如布洛芬。

10. Performing CPR

10. 心肺复苏术

CPR means Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. CPR is used to restore breathing and circulation in an unresponsive person. If done correctly, CPR can save lives, that is why an intensive training is needed before you can perform CPR on anybody.

心肺复苏术意味着恢复呼吸功能。心肺复苏术是用来给一个没反应的人恢复自主呼吸。如果做得正确，心肺复苏术可以挽救生命，这就是为什么在你对任何人实施心肺复苏术之前需要进行强化训练的原因。

The First Aid Kit

急救箱

You sure can’t perform any first aid without having your first aid kit.

如果没有急救箱，你肯定不能进行任何急救。

Your kit should include:

你的急救箱包应该包括:

? Antibacterial wipes

抗菌纸巾

? Painkillers

止痛药

? Gauze pads

纱布垫

? Sunscreen

防晒霜
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

? Medical gloves

医用手套

? Medical instrument kit

医疗仪器包

? Sling

吊带

? Burn gel

烧伤凝胶

? Antibiotic ointment

抗生素软膏

? Antiseptic wipes

消毒湿巾

? First Aid instructions

急救指南

? Tourniquet

止血带

Hope I was able to help.

希望我的建议能帮上忙。

Rachel Leon
This is what I learned:

以下这就是我学到的:

1. Survey the Scene

1. 观察现场:

Make sure you’re not running into danger and adding to the victim list.

确保你在施救过程中不会遇到危险，不要把自己也变成一名受害者

2. Put on Gloves - Gently Tap or Shake the Victim “Hey - Are you okay?”

2. 戴上手套——轻轻地拍打或摇晃受害者问一下：“嘿——你还好吗?”

: This might seem stupid, but just make sure the victim isn’t sleeping, and now you know if the victim is conscious or not. If unconscious, tell someone nearby to call 911. If conscious, uate the situation and call 911 if necessary. If unsure, call 911.

: 这可能看起来很愚蠢，这样可以确保受害者是不是在睡觉，继而确定受害者是否有意识。如果不省人事，告诉附近的人拨打911。如果意识清醒，评估情况，必要时拨打911。如果不确定，打911

3. Check for Pulse and Breathing

3. 检查脉搏和呼吸
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Put your finger on their neck to feel for a pulse, and watch/listen for breathing.

把你的手指放在他们的脖子上，感受他们的脉搏，观察/倾听他们的呼吸

If you are not a doctor or trained in anyway, you can help someone, but you are not obligated. If you call 911, and there is no one helping the victim, the dispatcher might ask you to do some of these things until EMS arrives. I focused on life-threatening conditions, meaning if the victim is not breathing or does not have a pulse, every second counts to save their life. The severe bleeding is life-threatening as well, but if the victim doesn’t have a pulse or is not breathing, by stopping the bleeding the victim will still not survive.

如果你不是一个医生或者受过专业训练的人，你可以去帮助别人，但是你没有义务。如果您拨打911，而且没有人帮助受害者，调度员可能会要求您在急救人员到达之前做一些这样的事情。要专注于危及生命的情况，意思是如果受害者没有呼吸或没有脉搏，提前一秒钟帮助都能挽救他们的生命。严重的出血也会危及生命，但是如果受害者没有脉搏或者没有呼吸，通过止血受害者也仍然无法存活。

Just remember, whenever in doubt, call 911. They are trained professionals and know a lot more life-saving techniques. Always give way to someone who has more training then you.

记住，无论何时有疑问，拨打911。他们是训练有素的专业人员，知道更多的救生技术。给那些比你训练有素的人让路。

Souradeep Chakraborty
Breathing difficulties
If someone stops breathing, see if the person replies if talked to or touched on the shoulder.If not, call for help – and immediately begin first aid.Place the person on his or her back on the floor.Tilt the head, so that the chin is pointing upwards. Do this by placing the fingertips under the jawbone, then lift gently while pressing down softly on the person's forehead. This is done to make sure the tongue is not blocking the throat.Keep holding the head in this way while checking for breathing. Look if the chest is rising and falling, or place your ear next to their mouth to listen for breathing and feel breath on your cheek. Only check for 10 seconds.If there's normal breathing, hold the head as described above until help arrives. If there's no breathing or gasping breaths, start basic life support.

呼吸困难
如果有人停止呼吸，看看对方是否回应，如果没有回应，请求帮助，并立即开始急救。将患者面朝上放在地板上。倾斜头部，使下巴向上。将指尖放在下颌骨下，然后轻轻抬起，同时轻轻按压患者的前额。这样做是为了确保舌头不会阻塞喉咙。以这种方式保持头部不动，同时检查呼吸。看看他们的胸部是否上下起伏，或者把你的耳朵放在他们的嘴边听他们的呼吸，感觉他们在你的脸颊上呼吸，检查10秒即可。如果有正常的呼吸，按照上面描述的那样保持头部不动，直到救援到来。如果没有呼吸，开始实施基本的急救工作。

Bleeding
With all types of bleeding, it's important to stop the flow of blood as quickly as possible.

出血。对于所有类型的出血，尽快阻止血液流动是非常重要的。

Small cuts Small cuts in the veins stop bleeding and clot within a few minutes. The area should then be washed, and a plaster placed gently on top.Deeper cuts Deeper cuts in the veins produce dark blood that seeps out slowly and steadily. It can be stopped by gentle pressure on the wound with a sterile or clean cloth, followed by the application of a clean or sterile bandage.Often, these wounds need sewing or gluing, and almost all need a careful clean, so medical treatment will be necessary after first aid.

小伤口可以在几分钟内止血和凝结，然后清洗伤口。如果出现更深的伤口，一般会流出黑色的血液，这些血液缓慢而稳定地渗出。用无菌或干净的布轻轻按压伤口，然后用干净或无菌的绷带包扎伤口即可。通常，这些伤口需要缝合，而且几乎所有的伤口都需要仔细清洁，所以急救后还需要进行医疗处理。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Nosebleeds
Nosebleeds occur when one of the small blood vessels in the mucous membranes of the nose bursts.To limit the bleeding:

鼻出血发生在鼻腔粘膜上的小血管中。为了限制出血:

pinch the nostrils shut with the index and middle finger for 10 minutes. This way, the vein is compressed, which is often enough to stem the flow

用食指和中指捏住鼻孔10分钟。这样，静脉被压缩，通常足以阻止血液流动

while the nostrils are shut, the person must breathe through their mouth

当鼻孔闭合时，人必须用嘴呼吸

if the bleeding continues, it's important to contact a doctor.

如果继续出血，最好去看医生

Choking
Choking happens when the passage through the windpipe is blocked. This usually occurs when food that hasn't been thoroughly chewed gets stuck.If someone looks like they're choking, ask them if they're able to talk.A person who is genuinely choking can usually only communicate with hand movements, and may place their hand against their throat. In such a case they will definitely need help, so summon assistance for them.Provided the person is conscious and talking, you should not interfere. Encourage them to cough. However, be prepared to do so, if the obstruction appears to become complete or markedly worse.If the person is conscious, but struggling to breath, stand behind them and lean their head slightly forward.Using a flat palm, strike them forcefully between the shoulder blades, in the hope they will cough up (and out) the item causing choking. Repeat up to five times.

当通过气管的通道被堵塞时，就会发生窒息。这种情况通常发生在食物没有被彻底咀嚼过的时候。如果有人看起来像是噎住了，问问他们能不能说话。一个真正窒息的人通常只能通过手部动作进行交流，并可能将手放在他们的喉咙上。在这种情况下，他们肯定需要帮助，所以要为他们寻求帮助。如果这个人是有意识的并且在说话，你就不应该干涉。鼓励他们咳嗽。但是，如果阻塞看起来完全或明显恶化，就要准备出手帮助。如果这个人是有意识的，但是呼吸困难，站在他们身后，把他们的头稍稍向前倾。手掌张开，强有力地击打他们的肩胛骨之间的位置，希望他们会咳出(和)造成窒息的物品。最多重复五次。

First aid for burns The first thing to do is to limit the extent of the damage, and prevent the burn from becoming worse.

烧伤的急救。首先要做的是防止烧伤变得更严重。

Taking care that you do not put yourself at risk from the cause of the burns, move the person away from the danger area. Smother flames with a blanket or douse the person with water but beware of electricity or caustic chemicals.

注意保护自己，避免自己被烧伤，将伤者移离危险区域。用毯子扑灭火焰或者用水浇灭火焰，但是要小心电流或者腐蚀性的化学物质。

Remove clothing or jewellery from the burned area but don’t try to peel back any clothing that is stuck to the skin.

从烧伤处移除衣物或首饰，但不要试图剥掉任何粘在皮肤上的衣物

The burnt area must be cooled by being placed under tepid running water. The water should not be unpleasantly cold.

烧伤部位必须用常温的自来水下冷却，水不能太冷

Keep the damaged area under running water for at least one hour, or longer if the pain has not stopped. Up to four hours of this treatment can be beneficial. However, in severe burns it is more important to get the person to hospital for treatment, so don’t let this delay calling the ambulance.

保持损伤部位在自来水下冲洗至少一个小时，如果疼痛没有停止，则延长冲洗时间。长达四个小时的这种治疗是有益的。然而，在严重烧伤的情况下，送病人去医院治疗更为重要，所以要及时呼叫救护车

Meanwhile keep the person warm a lot of heat can be lost from large burns so put a blanket or clothing around the non-injured areas.

同时保持身体温暖，大面积烧伤会让身体散发大量热量，所以在非受伤部位周围盖上毯子或衣物