为什么非洲这么穷（二）

Theophilus E.Daniel-Kagbare, Student of Africa
The short answer is the African is not as productive, not as enlightened, as the European nor the Asian. Nor because of any genetic inferioty but out of a disenabling culture, cultural disorientation or culrural disorder.
Africa will start to grow and prosperity when the average African begin to pursue his individual Enlightenment,with passion. With more passion than immediate gratification. Writ large in his orientation towards consumption as opposed to production, his sense of duty, values, thoughts, attitudes towards work and his country, etc.
The long answer:
Africa is so poor because Africa's political elite is still, for the most part, suffering from western colonial overhang. Which means their thoughts and values are poor imitations of Western versions rather than being in tune with the needs of their constituents. For example, Nigeria's constitution is wholesale copy of the United States'. Decades on, there is hardly debate of its adaptation.

简言之，非洲人没有欧洲人和亚洲人那么富有生产力，也没有他们那么开明。这不是因为任何基因的贫瘠，而是出于一种令人失望的文化、文化迷失或文化障碍。
当普通的非洲人开始满怀激情地追求个人的启蒙时，非洲将开始发展和繁荣。（他们需要）带着更多的激情而不是即刻的满足。主要表现在消费取向而不是生产取向、责任感、价值观、思想观念、对工作和国家的态度等方面。
更具体的回答是：
非洲之所以如此贫穷，是因为非洲的政治精英在很大程度上仍然饱受西方殖民统治的折磨。这意味着他们的思想和价值观是对西方版本的拙劣模仿，而不是与他们选民的需要相一致。例如，尼日利亚的宪法就是美国宪法的翻版。几十年过去了，关于它的适应性与否几乎没有争论。
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How can Nigeria, for example, develop with scant attention to education, labour productivity, human capital development?
How can any Nation worth it's place in the world expunge the teaching of History from it's school curriculum? That is what the Nigerian government did in 2007! What kind of citizenry, what kind of people are a people bereft of a sense of History? The British colonial govt did not do that; military government did not do that. An elected govt did that! The Executive was dumb enough to do it, the legislators, better known for grandstanding, showboating, and sleeping during sittings, than for the depth and quality of debates, had no obxtions! What does it say about the quality of thought of such leaders? Nigeria bred journalists, future civil servants, businessmen, etc without knowledge of the Atlantic Slave Trade, how the country was colonized, etc!

尼日利亚如何在对诸如教育、劳动生产率、人力资本发展（等方面）关注不足的情况下发展？
任何一个值得在世界上占有一席之地的国家怎么能把历史教学从学校课程中抹去呢？尼日利亚政府在2007年就是这么做的！什么样的公民，什么样的人才是一个丧失历史感的人？英国殖民政府没有这样做；军事管制政府没有这样做。（而）一个民选政府做到了！行政部门做这件事已经够蠢的了，以哗众取宠、卖弄风骚、在会议期间坐着睡觉而闻名的立法者，而不是以辩论的深度和质量而闻名的立法者，（他们对此却）没有反对意见！这说明了这些领导人的思想品质如何？尼日利亚培养的记者、未来的公务员、商人等，却对大西洋奴隶贸易、该国是如何被殖民地等一无所知！
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And the civil society, including the vociferous Fourth Estate, that accepted and condoned it, till it was restored this year, 2019?
Africa will remain poor so long as economic development strategy and trade policy in all African countries faithfully follows the blueprint of the de-industrializing, impovershing economics of the International Monetary Fund and it's sister organizations. Prescxtions soundly discredited by the economic reform history of every country that made good. A blueprint soundly rubbished by the successes of Japan, Korea, China and other Asian successes which wholly rejected their self-serving propositons.
Africa will remain poor because we are yet to awake, as a people, to the challenges of collective destiny. Infrastructure and dubbed constitutions are good and may be indispensable but they are only as good as the culture, thought patterns, the orientation, the narrative, etc, that drive them, that gives them life.
Beyond structures, beyond institutions, a people, a Nation, like any living being, a needs a soul. This is, for the most part, still evolving. The thing that defines and binds the Japanese, the Chinese, the Koreans, etc, together, is not as strong among African people as it should, for the most part, for now.
Africa’s politics, indeed society, certainly Nigeria’s, is driven by consumption and revenue sharing, than production. That has to change.
Africa will remain poor until a jot of inwardly-directed nationalism is injected into it's development programs. And attendadant responsibility with it. Until the thirst for knowledge and thought is greater than for instant gratification.

而民间社会，包括声势浩大的第四产业，接受并纵容了这些，直到它（宪法）在2019年被恢复？
只要所有非洲国家的经济发展战略和贸易政策忠实地遵循国际货币基金组织和其姐妹组织的非工业化、不懂经济的蓝图，非洲将继续贫穷。这些所谓的药方被每一个成功的国家的经济改革历史彻底地抹黑了。（这些是）被日本、韩国、中国和其他亚洲国家的成功彻底抛弃的蓝图，这些国家完全拒绝了他们（国际货币基金组织及其姐妹组织）自私的提议。

Mwine Isaac Norman
It's the way the political and economic system employed.
*SOCIALISM:* You have two cows, and you give one to your neighbor.
*COMMUNISM:* You have two cows, the government takes both and gives you milk.
*FASCISM:* You have two cows, the government takes both and sells you milk.
*NAZISM:* You have two cows, the government takes them and kills you.
*TRADITIONAL CAPITALISM:* You have two cows, you sell one and buy a male. You multiply your cows and there is economic growth. You sell them, you retire and you live on your profits.
*MODERN CAPITALISM:* You have two cows, you sell one and buy a male. You multiply your cows and you buy those of your neighbors. The latter become your shepherds, you pay them in monkey currencies and they die poor.

这是政治和经济体系的运作方式。
社会主义：你有两头牛，你把一头给你的邻居。
共产主义：你有两头母牛，政府把两头都拿走，然后给你牛奶。
法西斯主义：你有两头母牛，政府把两头都拿走，然后把牛奶卖给你。
纳粹主义：你有两头母牛，政府把它们抓起来然后杀了你。
传统资本主义：你有两头母牛，卖掉一头，买一头公牛。你让你的奶牛成倍地繁殖，经济就会增长。你卖掉它们，然后退休，靠你的利润生活。
现代资本主义：你有两头母牛，你卖掉一头，买一头公牛。让你的牛繁殖，然后买你邻居的牛。后者就会成为你的牧羊人，你付给他们只值一只猴子价格的货币，他们就会贫穷地死去。
美国社会：你有两头母牛，你卖掉一头，（但）你必须让另一头像4头牛一样产奶。由于生产能力不足，它死了。你需要一个顾问来了解它的死因。

*AMERICAN SOCIETY:* You have two cows, you sell one and you have to make the other one to produce milk like 4 cows. By dint of producing beyond her capacity, she dies. You take a consultant to understand this death.
*FRENCH SOCIETY:* You have two cows, you go on strike because you want a third.
*GERMAN SOCIETY:* You have two cows, you modify them so that they live 100 years, eat once a month and treat themselves.
*AFRICAN SOCIETY:* You have two cows, you eat them the same day because you believe that you need to rebury your grandma and thereafter you dream that donors or the international community give you others. Meanwhile you have fertile land which somehow precludes you from taking any extra efforts to maximize productivity thus resorting to praying praying praying and praying.
So tell me, what beats such an auto poverty cycle.

法国社会：你有两头牛，你罢工了，因为你想要第三头。
德国社会：你有两头牛，你改造它们，让它们活到100岁，它们每个月吃一次饭，并且它们要照顾好自己。
非洲社会：你有两头母牛，你在同一天吃掉了它们是因为你认为你需要给你的祖母重新埋葬一遍，然后你就梦想着会有捐赠者或国际社会的人给你埋葬所需要的其他东西。而与此同时，你拥有肥沃的土地，（但）这使得你无法用任何额外的努力来最大限度地提高生产力，从而诉诸于祈祷。那么告诉我，是什么打败了这种贫困的自动循环。

Roy A Hanssen, Master Economic History & International Business (1992)

罗伊·汉森，经济史与国际商务硕士（1992）
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no development will happen if the economical and political institutions and not set to be inclusive. As we see in a lot of countries in Africa where the bad concious of the West is poured into economies that are set up in an extractive manner menaing few people extract the total wealth of the country, leaving the workers unskilled and uneducated. One example, Finland. Did not recieve any support from US after war out of respect to USSR, but they were a capitalistic and democratic country so they still managed to become one of the richest in Europe or look to Botswana and Mauritius, the 2 most succesfull countries in Africa, and they have the same political and economical structure as Finland. It is all about the system and letting the system work, but then we come to the layer where you have made a lot of correct observations. Tribes, religion, corruption will halt the development even if both the political and economical institutions are set up the wrong way. It took about 40 years from the English parliament set up the system in the right way till the industrial revolution happend because of this, the rest is as they say history, but you find the fist steps towards that succesfull system in the years of the black plague when so many farmers died and the king got very weak. The black plague turne the power pyramid in England and that was instrumental to the systems development. The lords had to pay the farmers for work done and the king had to ask the parliament every time he wanted to increase the taxes to go to war and that time when the parliamant said no we got the civil war in England that was won by the parliamant and the power of the king was broken and all privleges previously given to the royal family and some lords where finally set free and that resulted in an explotion of economical development, and today you can in England travel on almost 200 years old railway tracs and on 250 year old canals because suddenly offering a waterway or railway for effective transport was good business.

如果经济体制和政治体制不具备包容性，就不会有发展。正如我们在非洲许多国家所看到的那样，西方的劣根性涌入了以节约型方式建立起来的经济体，很少有人攫取国家的全部财富，使工人没有技能，没有受过教育。芬兰就是一个例子。战后没有因为尊重苏联而得到美国的任何支持，但他们是一个资本主义和民主的国家，所以他们仍然设法成为欧洲最富有的国家之一，于是他们把目光投向非洲最成功的两个国家博茨瓦纳和毛里求斯，因为他们的政治和经济结构与芬兰相同。这一切都是制度和制度的运作带来的，但我们（分析）到了这一步，已经做了很多正确的观察。即使政治制度和经济制度都选择了错误的方向，部落、宗教、腐败也会阻碍发展。英国议会以正确的方式建立这一制度到工业革命的发生，大约花了40年的时间，因为（除了）这一点，其余的都是他们所说的历史，但你会发现，在黑死病的年代，有那么多农民死亡，国王的权力变得更弱，（这使他们）朝着这一成功的制度迈出了第一步。黑鼠疫使英国的权力金字塔发生了根本性转变，这对制度的发展起到了重要作用。上议院不得不支付农民的劳动报酬，国王每次想增税参战都要向议会请示，而那一次，当议长说不的时候，由议长引发的英格兰内战胜利了，国王的权力被打破，所有赋予皇室等人的特权被废除了，上议院终于自由了，这导致了经济的爆炸式发展，今天你可以在英国近200年的老铁路和250年的老运河上通行，是因为之前提供的一条水路或铁路来进行有效的运输带来了好生意。

Anazuo Salihu, Born and bred in Nigeria, a developing country
· Corruption: I have found corruption to be a recurring theme with most dirt poor African countries. The political elites are vile and dirty. We can't blame colonialism for everything. My own great-great grandfather had black slaves that he sold to white men in exchange for liquor. Some African countries are richer than others. Why is this so? Do you know that a Nigerian senator earns more than the president of the United States of America?
Bill Gates recently revealed that he has spent over $1 billion on Northern Nigeria alone (ONLY northern Nigeria) and it went to waste. No results at all. This is a region where people are still getting Polio. This area is also ravaged by Boko Haram. Children are not even going to school. Maternal and infant mortality in this region is disturbingly high. People who are responsible for distributing relief materials are selling them cheaply in the markets. Gates was recently in Nigeria for his friend’s daughter's wedding when he made the revelation about the $1 billion he invested in northern Nigeria. Father of the bride is Aliko Dangote, the richest black man in the world and guess where he's from? NORTHERN NIGERIA.
· Some of our resources and artefacts were looted by the British but we have ignored the amount of history destroyed during tribal wars and sold by greedy chiefs.

阿纳佐·萨利胡，出生和成长于一个发展中国家，尼日利亚
腐败：我发现腐败是大多数贫穷的非洲国家反复出现的问题。政治精英卑鄙又肮脏。
我们不能把一切都归咎于殖民主义。我自己的曾曾祖父有黑奴，他把黑奴卖给白人换取白酒。一些非洲国家比其他国家还要富裕。（但是）为什么会这样（贫穷）？ 你知道尼日利亚参议员的收入比美利坚合众国总统还高吗？
比尔·盖茨最近透露，他仅在尼日利亚北部就花费了10多亿美元，然而这一切都白费了。根本没有结果。这是一个仍有人感染小儿麻痹症的地区。
这个地区也遭到博科圣地（恐怖组织）的蹂躏。孩子们甚至都不上学。这个地区的产妇和婴儿死亡率也高得令人不安。负责分发救济物资的人在市场上廉价出售这些物资。
盖茨最近在尼日利亚参加他朋友女儿的婚礼时透露了他在尼日利亚北部投资10亿美元的消息。新娘的父亲是阿利科·丹格特，世界上最富有的黑人，猜猜他从哪里来？尼日利亚的北部。
我们的一些资源和手工艺品被英国人掠夺了，但我们忽略了在部落战争中被破坏和被贪婪的酋长出售的历史。

· Superstitions, limiting beliefs and general lack of intellectual curiosity. There are a couple of ridiculous stereotypes that are holding us back. One simple example I can recall is this:
You can't live on your own if you're unmarried because people will assume you're promiscuous or doing something illegal. The effect of this is a large number of unemployed 30 year olds living with their parents, while developing an unhealthy attitude of risk aversion. By doing this, they can't think independently, outside the box to create solutions that can help alleviate poverty.
General lack of intellectual curiosity: By this, i’m referring to a lack of open mindedness, zeal to learn and over reliance on old beliefs and conspiracy theories. There are babies dying from old traditional medical practices and parents who refuse to get their children immunized because their chiefs told them the white men will kill their children. The result of this is that, a lot of money is diverted to manage these illnesses and that is how the circle of poverty continues. People are simply not willing to be open minded and intellectually curious. Hence, you will find a lot of Ponzi Schemes thriving in African countries because of this lack of intellectual curiosity. This is a huge minus for an economy which should be finding innovative ways to build wealth.

迷信、狭隘的信仰和普遍缺乏知识。
有一些荒谬的刻板印象阻碍了我们的发展。
我记得一个简单的例子是这样的：
如果你未婚，你就不能独立生活，因为人们会认为你滥交或做违法的事。而这样的影响是，大量失业的30岁青年与父母同住，同时形成了不健康的避险态度。通过这样做，他们无法独立思考，跳出固有的圈子，创造出有助于减轻贫困的解决方案。
普遍缺乏求知欲：我指的是缺乏学习热情、思想不开放以及过度依赖旧的信仰和阴谋论。有些婴儿死于传统的医疗习惯，有些父母拒绝给他们的孩子接种疫苗，因为他们的首领告诉他们白人会杀了他们的孩子，这样做的结果是，大量资金被转用于治疗这些疾病，这就是贫困循环继续下去的原因。人们只是不愿意开放自己的思维并且充满好奇心。因此，你会发现许多庞氏骗局在非洲国家蓬勃发展，因为他们缺乏对知识的好奇心。这对一个应该寻找创新方式来积累财富的经济体来说是一个巨大的负面影响。

Mark Doel, studied at Canterbury Christ Church University
In terms of GDP in ascending order: Oceania, Africa, South America, Europe, North America, Asia.
So Asia is the world’s richest continent, Oceania the world’s poorest, Africa the 2nd poorest.
Africa played host to a number of ancient, medi and early modern civilisations such as ancient Egypt, Cush, Axum, Great Zimbabe, the Islamic caliphates, the Zulus, the Ghanaian empire, sultanate of Zanzibar and the kingdom of Benin.
I suggest the main reason for Africa’s economic relative decline has been the shifts in economic balance and economic evolution from around 1750 onward. I do not get the impression alot of industry in sub-saharan Africa is home grown. A Chinese company might employ Africans and have African managers but it’s still a Chinese company. Nothing wrong with that, but I wander how many industries and corporations are of African origin.
Africa could do with a European style ‘single market’ but conflicts to varying degrees are hampering it.
We could blame colonialism but if they managed to exploit resources then so can Africans.
Whilst there are many African languages and dialects, the lingua franca of much of Africa is English and French so it’s not like Africa is incapable of western style commerce.

马克·多尔，曾就读于坎特伯雷基督教堂大学。
按国内生产总值升序排列：大洋洲、非洲、南美洲、欧洲、北美洲、亚洲。
所以亚洲是世界上最富有的大陆，大洋洲是世界上最贫穷的，非洲是第二贫穷。
非洲拥有许多古代、中世纪和早期现代文明，如古埃及、库什、阿克苏姆、大津巴布、伊斯兰哈里发、祖鲁、加纳帝国、桑给巴尔苏丹国和贝宁王国。
我认为非洲经济相对衰退的主要原因是1750年前后经济平衡和经济发展的变化。我不认为撒哈拉以南非洲的许多工业是本土的。一家中国公司可能雇佣非洲人，也有非洲经理，但它仍然是一家中国公司。这没什么问题，但我不知道有多少行业和公司是非洲起源的。
非洲可以建立一个欧洲式的“单一市场”，但不同程度的冲突正在阻碍这一进程。
我们可以指责殖民主义，但如果他们设法利用资源，非洲人也可以（摆脱贫困）。
虽然存在许多非洲语言和方言，但非洲大部分地区的通用语言是英语和法语，因此非洲并不是没有能力进行西式贸易。

Alot of farming in sub-saharan Africa operates on a rather medi basis by western standards. Small holdings with surplus produce going to local markets rather than commerial holdings exporting globally.
Whilst coastal areas would have an inflow of capital from tourist and other revenue, the lack of good infrastructure is hampering development and trade efforts in into the heart of the continent.
Corruption also plays a large part. Countries like Botswana are relatively well developed by African standards because they have good governance.
Even without corruption and with good governance there’s only so far you can go with what I’d call cottage and artisanal industries such as small holder agriculture. A marxist and green political agenda has held Africa back. It needs to do what Japan did in copying the west but then putting its own slant on it.
In short Africa has broadley not really gone beyond the ‘take off’ stage in Rostow’s model. In the UK and what is now the Republic of Ireland that was between 1783 and 1822. In Russia it was between 1890 and 1914. In the US it was between 1843 and 1860. 1850–1873 in Germany. 1896–1914 in Canada. 1952 in China and India.
After the ‘take off stage’ we have stage 4 (stages 1 and 2 are ‘traditional society’ and ‘pre-conditions for takeoff’). In the UK and what is now Ireland it was 1850. It was 1950 what was then the USSR, 1900 in the US, 1910 in Germany and 1950 in Canada.
The take off stage is defined as a point where we get rapid urbanisation with some form of industrialisation, however it has not diversified entirely so hasn’t reached stage 4.

按照西方的标准，撒哈拉以南非洲的许多农业是在相当于中世纪的基础上运作的。拥有剩余农产品的小资产流入本地市场，而不是向全球出口的商业资产。
虽然沿海地区将有来自旅游业和其他收入的资本流入，但缺乏良好的基础设施阻碍了该大陆中心地区的发展和贸易努力。
腐败也起了很大的作用。按照非洲的标准，博茨瓦纳这样的国家相对发达，因为它们有着良好的治理（政策）。
即使没有腐败和良好的治理，我所说的家庭手工业和手工工业，如小农户农业，也只能走到目前为止。马克思主义和绿色政治议程阻碍了非洲的发展。它需要像日本那样照搬西方模式，但又有自己的倾向。
简而言之，在罗斯托的模型中，非洲并没有真正超越“起飞”阶段。在英国，现在的爱尔兰共和国（“起飞”阶段）是在1783年到1822年之间。在俄国是在1890年到1914年之间。美国是在1843年到1860年之间。德国是在1850年至1873年。加拿大是在1896年至1914年。中国和印度是在1952年。
在“起飞阶段”之后，我们有第四阶段（第一阶段和第二阶段是“传统社会”和“起飞的先决条件”）。在英国和现在的爱尔兰是1850年。在当时的苏联是1950年，在美国是1900年，在德国是1910年，在加拿大是1950年。
“起飞阶段”被定义为我们通过某种形式的工业化实现快速城市化的阶段，然而它并没有完全多样化，所以还没有达到第四阶段。

Jeff Verkouille, works at Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks
As others have noted Africa is the second largest continent, with 54 countries. There is considerable regional variation even within these countries, let alone between them, which brings us to the second point.
Africa is not poor. There is widespread poverty within most of the nations on the continent, but there is also incredible wealth and plenty of folks who could use more money but are getting along just fine (I’m in that category myself).
We’re not, most of us, wiping flies off our malnourished faces while looking for lions in the bush. We’re commuting to jobs in taxis and buses or our own cars, working with our hands tapping on keyboards or doing jobs that are done in Europe, Asia, or the Americas: preparing food in restaurants, fixing cars, building both houses and skyscrappers, issuing insurance paperwork, staffing offices, walking a police beat, cold calling clients, the usual melange of 21st century jobs.

杰夫·维库耶，在红杉和国王峡谷国家公园工作。
正如其他人所指出的，非洲是第二大大陆，有54个国家。即使在这些国家内部，也存在着相当大的区域差异，更不用说在国家与国家之间了，这就把我们带到了第二点。
非洲并不贫穷。非洲大陆的大多数国家普遍存在贫困，但也有难以置信的财富，并且还有很多人拥有许多钱且相处起来很不错的人（我自己也属于这一类人）。
我们大多数人并不再如同以前灌木丛中寻找狮子的时候，从营养不良的脸上抹去苍蝇。我们上下班要坐出租车、公交车或自己的车，（每天）敲键盘，或者做欧洲、亚洲或美洲（类似）的工作：在餐馆准备食物、修车、盖房子和刮板机、签发保险文件、为办公室配备人员、走去警察巡逻队、打电话给客户，和21世纪常见的混杂的工作一样。

Yes, I do see small Fulani boys herding cattle some evenings and mornings. I also buy my coffee at a modern air conditioned grocery store housed in a mall, drive a small economy sedan made in Korea on paved roads (not a Range Rover with a spare tire on the hood over the savanna, that is strictly out of country vacation or movies), and spend too many hours in front of a computer screen. I try to keep up my fitness by practicing martial arts (BJJ and MMA) and eating more vegetables, and while the wife sneaks yams onto the dinner table, most of my vegetables are western stables: corn, broccoli, tomatoes, potatoes, green beans, peppers, and peas.
I’m not poor. Most of my colleagues are not poor. I do give money to the poor, but I can easily do the same in America, at the same street sidewalks and intersections.
I’ve said it before, and I’ll say it again: visit. Come see some of Africa’s many countries and cities, walk around, meet with people, have a latte or a beer at a cafe. See the local sights.
That way we’ll make some tourist cash and be less poor and you’ll be part of the solution and not part of the problem.

是的，我确实看到富拉尼的小男孩在晚上和早上放牛。
我也在商场里的一家有空调的现代化杂货店买咖啡，在铺好的路上开一辆韩国产的小型经济型轿车（而不是一辆引擎盖上有备胎的路虎揽胜，那车完全是在国外度假用或看电影中才有场景），在电脑屏幕前会花费很多时间。我试着通过练习武术（BJJ和MMA）和多吃蔬菜来保持身体的健康，当妻子偷偷把山药放在餐桌上时，我的大部分蔬菜都是西式的：玉米、西兰花、西红柿、土豆、绿豆、辣椒和豌豆。
我不穷。我的大多数同事并不穷。我确实给穷人钱，但在美国，在同样的街道人行道和十字路口，我也能轻易地做这些。
我以前说过，我还要再说一遍：拜访（非洲）。来看看非洲许多国家和城市，四处走走，与人们见面，在咖啡馆喝杯拿铁或啤酒以及游览当地景点。
这样我们就能赚些旅游的钱，减少贫困，而你将成为（给非洲）解决问题的那一部分人，而不是有问题的一部分。