QA:为什么第三世界国家发展不起来？（一）

1.Frida Schiess, studied at Literature, English and Portuguese Languages学习文学、英语和葡萄牙语

Third world mentality. I live in a shithole country and people simply have third world mentality.
It’s common for people from third world coutries to blame everything and everyone else for their problems.
As said in other answers the usual excuses (being a former colony, being destroyed by war, lacking natural resources, being landlocked, all these things) are BS.
Another common (more modern) excuse is that “people are religious, so they are manipulated by the clergy and kept happy with the promise of an afterlife, even though their lives are sh*t”. Israel and Saudi Arabia are religious, yet they are wealthy.

第三世界心态。我生活在一个肮脏的国家，人们只有第三世界的心态。
第三世界国家的人把自己的问题归咎于一切和其他人是很常见的。
正如在其他答案中所说，通常的借口（曾经是殖民地，被战争摧毁，缺乏自然资源，内陆国，所有这些）都是放屁。
另一个常见的（更现代的）借口是“人们是信教的，所以他们被神职人员操纵，并对来世的承诺感到高兴，尽管他们的生活很糟糕”。以色列和沙特阿拉伯信教，但他们很富有。

What I have seen is that people lack the notion of actually existing as a country (institutions and laws are not taken seriously, corruption is rampant and everyone wants to take advantage of every situation without any regard for others, even if that means that the person in question might bethe next to get screwed up and have no law to rely on), people rely on the government to solve their problems (they elect populist rulers, both left-wing and right-wing, who will offer easy but pontual solutions, like distributing money to the poor without actually doing anything to create infrastructure, invest in education and training and stimulate growth, so the poor will be always poor, but at least they will have something to eat - until the country runs off of money, of course), and for some reason people just don’t act like they are responsible for their choices.

我所看到的是，人们缺乏作为一个国家实体存在的观念（制度和法律没有得到认真对待，腐败猖獗，每个人都想钻空子而不考虑其他人，没有法律可依），人们依靠政府来解决他们的问题（他们选举民粹主义统治者，包括左翼和右翼，他们会提供简单而随意的解决方案，比如把钱分给穷人，而实际上却没有做任何事情来建设基础设施，投资于教育和培训，刺激增长，因此穷人永远是穷人，但至少他们会有吃的东西——当然，直到国家没钱了，而且出于某些原因，人们只是表现得他们好像毫无责任。

I can offer the example of the country I live in (Brazil), where people spent years electing populist left-wing politicians, until the sh*t hit the fan, and now elected another populist - now a far-right one, who blames the former government and “leftist ideology” for not solving their problems, just to realize that they have just elected another incompetent.

我可以举一个我居住的国家（巴西）的例子，在那里，人们花了数年时间选举民粹主义的左翼政客，直到社民党大获全胜，现在又选出了另一个民粹主义者——现在是极右翼，他指责前政府和“左派意识形态”没有解决他们的问题，让人们意识到刚刚选了一个不称职的人。
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Basically the former government distributed “free money” to the poor - and some regions of Brazil are so poor that people used to literally die of starvation, simply because the land is not cultivable (it’s semi-arid and all underground water is salty), yet there are no jobs or industries there and even commerce is very limited to the basics. There was zero effort to bring development to these “far away” places. One of our biggest problems is that we have no railroads. No one has ever thought of building railroads (with the exeption of one late 19th century visionary). No one has ever thought about desalinization, irrigation, anything that would permanently solve the problems of these people. No one even considers tax exemptions for industries to build plants there. Foreigner investment is not welcome, either - companies like Nintendo actually ceased to operate in Brazil because they couldn’t afford the taxes. Chinese giant Xiaomi gave up its plans for Brazil because they just realized it was not worth it. Small businesses actually close their doors because they are not able to pay the taxes. The country actually started its process of de-industrialization in the 1980s, before it completed this phase, leaving people with no education, skills or resources to keep a post-industrial economy, yet no jobs. Business who need to import pieces or goods have to pay 80–95% the original value only to be able to import, then more taxes to operate, and in a poor country, the end prices are simply not affordable and the business proves to be unsustainable. There was rapid economic growth because money was being injected into the economy, so people could buy at least basic goods, employers would enrich, and for a time there were even plenty of jobs. I remember poor people buying 72″ TVs (something they couldn’t even dream of before). Until everyone went into debt. By 2008 things were not going well and in 2014 the economy simply crashed. Now these people who spent their money on a 72″ TV were there, without an education and job skills, unemployed, stuck with an useless giant TV set. There was zero investment in education, after all, and people just didn’t care about getting one. Now we are entering the third generation living on benefits, without prospects.

基本上，前政府向穷人发放了“免费的钱”——巴西的一些地区非常贫穷，人们过去常常死于饥饿，仅仅是因为土地不可耕种（它是半干旱的，所有的地下水都是咸的），然而，那里没有工作或产业，甚至商业也非常局限于基本生活。在这些“遥远”的地方，没有人付出努力改善这一切。我们最大的问题之一是我们没有铁路。从来没有人想过修建铁路（除了19世纪末一位有远见的人）。从来没有人想过淡化咸水，灌溉农田，任何能永久解决这些问题的东西。甚至没有人考虑对在那里建厂的工业免税。也不受欢迎外国投资，像任天堂这样的公司实际上已经停止在巴西的运营，因为他们负担不起税收。
中国巨头小米放弃了在巴西的计划，因为他们刚刚意识到这没有价值。小企业实际上因为无力纳税而关门。该国实际上在上世纪80年代就开始了去工业化的进程，在完成这一阶段之前，人们没有教育、技能或资源来维持后工业经济，所以也没有工作。需要进口零件或货物的企业必须支付原值的80%至95%的税负以后才能进口，然后再交更多的税才能经营，而在一个贫穷的国家，这样子的终端价格根本无法承受，这种生意被证明是不可持续的。经济的快速增长是因为资金被注入经济，所以人们至少可以购买基本的商品，雇主会变得富有，而且有一段时间甚至有大量的工作机会。
我记得穷人们买了72英寸的电视机（以前他们甚至做梦也不敢想）。直到每个人都负债累累。到了2008年，情况并不顺利，2014年经济崩溃。现在，这些花钱买了一台72英寸电视机的人，没有受过教育，没有工作技能，没有工作，只有一台没用的巨型电视机。毕竟，教育方面的投资是零，人们也不在乎教育。现在我们正进入靠福利生活没有前途的第三阶段。

So the right-wing campaingn took over, about the evils of “socialism” mixed with batshit crazy religious morals, and a “Messiah” who promised to save the country by “not supporting lazy bums, suppressing oppressed minorities and their demands for handouts, blah blah” was elected. Since he is doing nothing to actually solve the structural problems either, only cutting benefits, the economy is even worse now that people cannot even movement it by buying the basics.

于是右翼阵营接手，灌输疯狂的宗教道德，他是一位靠着承诺“不再援助懒惰的流浪汉，镇压被压迫的少数民族和他们的施舍要求等等这样子的废话”而当选的“弥赛亚”。由于他也没有采取任何实际措施来解决结构性问题，只是削减福利，现在的经济更糟糕，人们甚至不能通过购买基本生活来推动经济增长。

People in third world countries will eat expensive snacks with 0 nutritional value, get expensive hair treatments (like highlights and braiding), fill their arms with tatoos and their faces with piercings (wich further diminishes their opportunities for employment), own giant TV sets, expensive smartphones for ostentation (smartphones are now a necessity, but who needs an IPhone?), brand clothes, expensive sound systems, even swimming pools at the rooftops in their slum dwellings (they are considered an “ostentation” in Rio’s favelas) and will spend money in ridiculous barbecue parties with tons of cheap beer, as well as thematic parties for their children’s birthdays to impress their acquitances, but won’t pay for healtcare, don’t take the education of their children seriously (and expect the government to do it), often will not even build toilets to sh*t in. Until tragedy strikes, a serious illness cannot be treated for lack of money, the person is left unable to work for a living, a child dies for lack of an ICU at the government hospital.

第三世界国家的人们会吃没有营养价值的昂贵零食，接受昂贵的头发护理（如亮片和辫子），手臂上满是虱子，脸上满是穿孔（这会进一步减少他们的就业机会），拥有巨型电视机，用于炫耀的昂贵智能手机（智能手机现在是必需品，但谁需要IPhone？），品牌服装，奢侈的音响系统，甚至贫民窟屋顶的游泳池（在里约热内卢的贫民区这被认为是一种“炫耀”），他们会花钱参加荒唐的烧烤聚会，喝上几吨廉价啤酒，以及为孩子生日举办的主题派对，以此来满足他们的成就感，但他们不会为医疗保险买单，也不会认真对待孩子的教育问题（也不期望政府能这么做），甚至连厕所都不会建。直到悲剧发生了，一场严重的疾病因缺钱而无法治疗，人们无法工作谋生所以流落他乡，一名儿童因缺乏重症监护病房而在政府医院死亡。
2.Franz Applebaum, lived in China (2006-2018)生活在中国（2006-2018）
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I guess many answers will go like this…Africans have a backwards mentality, they are lazy, they are not good at doing business, etc. But you and I know that's not the truth. You can be "lazy", or keep a laid-back attitude, but still live peacefully above the line of poverty. The reason is the same people in France –one of the wealthiest nations on earth– have been demonstrated on the streets for the 40th month in a row because they just can't make ends meet. The same reason why Greece went bankrupt. The same reason why people are living in tents on the streets of Seattle and Los Angeles. Debt. You see, the financial system is based on fractional reserve banking, which basically means bankers can create money out of thin air and lend it and relend it, and earn interests on money they didn't have in the first place. 90% of the money in circulation today is created in the form of loans. Most of this loan money never existed, they created it. This used to be called usury ("riba" in the Islamic world) and it used to be strictly forbidden. The international bankers have been earning interests for more than a hundred years, and have used that money to acquire more power. And used that power to create a worldwide banking monopoly with the ability to manipulate currencies, and thus destroy the economy of an entire country at the push of a button. That's the real reason third world countries are still struggling to keep their heads above water after so long.

我想很多答案都会是这样的…非洲人有一种落后的心态，他们懒惰，他们不擅长做生意，等等。但你我都知道这不是事实。你可以“懒惰”，也可以保持一种悠闲的心态，但仍能温饱。比如说法国是这个地球上最富裕的国家之一，但是他的老百姓的诉求因为无法得到满足已经连续40个月爆发街头示威。其实希腊破产的原因跟第三世界国家有异曲同工之妙。为什么西雅图人和洛杉矶人很多住在大街上的帐篷里——债务。你看金融体系是建立在部分准备金的基础上的，这基本上意味着银行家可以凭空创造货币，并将其贷出去，然后打包再放贷，并从他们原本没有的资金中赚取利息。今天流通的货币有90%是以贷款的形式产生的。大部分贷款从未存在过，是他们创造的。这曾被称为高利贷（在伊斯兰世界称为“里巴”），过去是被严格禁止的。一百多年来，国际银行家一直在赚取利息，并用这些钱来获得更多的权力。并利用这一权力创造了一个世界性的银行业垄断，他们有能力操纵货币，从而一键摧毁整个国家的经济。这就是第三世界国家在这么长时间后仍然处于水深火热的状态之中的真正原因。

There was once a visionary leader that had a plan. A plan to once and for all free Africa from the shackles of poverty and conflict. He knew that the only way to achieve this was to create a gold-backed currency, strong enough to weather future attacks from the financial overlords. A currency that all African countries would use to trade within Africa. He had been accumulating gold. He was ready. But the banking cabal could not let that happen. They invaded his country, murdered him in front of a camera and stole his gold. The images seemed to scream, "Let this be a reminder to future leaders: if you ever try to create an independent currency, we will hunt you down, and destroy you!". His name was…Muhammad Gaddafi.

曾经有一个有远见的领导人有一个一劳永逸地把非洲从贫穷和冲突的枷锁中解放出来的计划。他知道实现这一目标的唯一途径是建立一种以黄金为基础的货币，这种货币足够强大，足以抵御未来金融霸主的攻击。所有非洲国家都会用来在非洲进行贸易的货币。他一直在积累黄金。他准备好了。但西方的银行集团不能让这种情况发生。他们入侵了他的国家，在摄像机前谋杀了他，偷走了他的黄金。画面似乎在尖叫，“让这件事提醒未来的领导人：如果你曾经试图创造一种独立的货币，我们将追捕你，摧毁你！”。他的名字是…穆罕默德卡扎菲。
3.Joel Phinnemore, Painter画家

Its not that they aren't developing! Each country develops at their own pace. They are just not developing as fast as we are. So in fact, your question could be expanded to why arent all peoples developing at the same pace? Third world countries have been held back…..kind of like our poor have been pushed down. There are still be out there in North America that don't own and have never used a computer.

不是说他们没有发展！每个国家都有自己的发展速度。他们只是没有我们发展得那么快。所以事实上，你的问题可以扩展到为什么所有人的发展速度不一样？第三世界国家受到了阻碍……就像我们的穷人被压垮了一样。在北美仍然有一些人没有电脑，也从未使用过电脑。

During ww2, we fought over those same third world countries. Papua New Guinea was first claimed by Christopher Columbus when he stumbled upon it. Later the Japanese were there, then Germany, then it was split in three (Papua, Guinea and German New Guinea). Afterwards Australia took over after they and the US removed all of the others. Most roads in PNG were first paved by the Australian military and today…long after independence from Australia, Australia still gives millions of dollars to build new roads.

在第二次世界大战期间，我们为同样的第三世界国家而战。当克里斯托弗·哥伦布偶然发现巴布亚新几内亚时，他第一次宣称拥有巴布亚新几内亚。后来日本人到了那里，接着是德国，然后一分为二（巴布亚、几内亚和德国新几内亚）。澳大利亚和美国在所有其他国家撤走之后接管了这座城市。巴布亚新几内亚的大部分道路都是由澳大利亚军方首先铺设的，而今天……在从澳大利亚独立很久之后，澳大利亚仍然拿出数百万美元帮他们修建新的道路。

Anyways to your question! I lived in Papua New Guinea for 12 years. PNG is stuck. The current government has done more for the country in six years then the previous government in over 20. One of the two biggest issues is Government Corruption and Crime. You ever watch star trek. The main obxtive in star trek is to discover new worlds, but not to interfere with them. Woops! Too late for that! Speaking of NA, EU, Canada etc. We take over. That's what we do. Its the few organizations out there that care enough to help other countries pickup up the pieces after we leave and those organizations are let go and let in on a very thin string. Since I lived there, I saw our impact and their slow development. Its not enough to bring a single water tank to a village. They need a new basic needs model. I believe that model (though unproven) is SLGP. We first and foremost need to give them what they need to survive (how to grow food to reduce the affects of drought, how to use local materials to build good strong shelters, how to raise strong healthy families), then teaching them how to live, grow and prosper.

无论如何！我在巴布亚新几内亚住了12年。巴布亚新几内亚发展停顿了。本届政府在六年内为国家做了比上届政府20多年更多的事情。最大的两个问题之一是政府腐败和犯罪。你看过星际迷航吗。《星际迷航》的主要目标是发现新的世界，而不是干涉它们。北美、欧盟、加拿大等等国家就是这么做的。但是那些第三世界国家在我们离开后没有人再去做这些事了。我住在那里看到了我们的影响和他们缓慢的发展。仅仅做一些细枝末节的事情是不够的。他们需要一个新的基本需求模型。我相信这个模型（虽然未经证实）。我们首先需要给他们生存所需的东西（如何减少干旱的影响以种植粮食，如何使用当地的材料建造良好的坚固的庇护所，如何供养一个健康的家庭），然后教他们如何生活、发展和繁荣。

I'm trying to start an international development agency called “Life Altering Development”. If successful, I will put this unproven model into practice. Our first goal will be to donate 4 million trees every year for five years. That's 20 million trees that will mature in 5–10 years. Leave your email here if you want more info. I'm looking for volunteers with like minded interests tobe on our board of directors!

我正试图成立一个名为“改变生活的发展”的国际发展机构。如果成功，我将把这个未经证实的模式付诸实践。我们的第一个目标是五年内每年捐赠400万棵树。也就是说，有2000万棵树将在5-10年内成熟。如果你想了解更多信息，请留下你的电子邮件。我正在寻找志同道合的志愿者加入我们的董事会！
4.Michael Shaw, Geography geek sometimes地理迷
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This is a very deep and broad question. It's the sort of thing many scholars have written many books and dissertations about. I will very briefly talk about two of the important aspects: governance and demographics.
Most less developed countries have been kicked around by bigger countries in the past. This is especially true of former colonies that were robbed of their resources by imperial powers, and then abandoned. Situations like this give rise to political instability and massive corruption, and in a climate like that, progress is very difficult. Money that could be used for development is instead funnelled into the military and into the pockets of high ranking officials. Leaders in these situations are more concerned with keeping their power than about helping the people of their country.

这是一个非常深刻和广泛的问题。这是许多学者写了很多书和论文的那种东西。我将非常简短地谈谈其中两个重要方面：治理问题和人口问题。
过去大多数欠发达国家都被更大的国家踢来踢去。尤其是前殖民地被帝国强权掠夺资源，然后被遗弃。这种情况会导致政治不稳定和大规模腐败，在这样的情况下进展非常困难。可用于发展的资金反而流入军队和高级官员的口袋。在这种情况下，领导人更关心的是保住自己的权力，而不是帮助本国人民。

Second is the fact that these country can't keep up with population growth. In a completely undeveloped society with no technology whatsoever, death rates are very high; many infants die shortly after birth, and people generally die young from diseases, infections, accidents, etc. There is also a high birth rate because there are no contraceptives, and all the dying people have to be replaced. High births and high deaths means the population stays level.
Once development begins, people die less. Medical advances allow lives to be saved, yet birth rates remain high. High births and lower deaths means that the population starts to grow. This is the trap that the developing world finds itself in. They are gaining people rapidly, yet they don't have money to accommodate them.
In order to give people a place to live, there have to be plumbing lines, electric lines, roads, etc. just so that a house or apartment building can be built. Developing countries can't afford to build all of these things, so there aren't enough nice homes for everyone to live in.
There are also not enough jobs for everyone. This worsens poverty, and promotes illegal activity. Also, gaining more people puts more strain on public services, so not everyone can get help from the government.
The developing world is truly in a quagmire.

其次，这些国家的人口增长跟不上。在一个完全不发达、没有任何技术的社会里，死亡率非常高；许多婴儿出生后不久就死亡，人们一般死于疾病、感染、意外事故等。还有一个高出生率是因为没有避孕药具，所有垂死的人都必须被替换。高出生率和高死亡率意味着人口保持稳定。
一旦发展开始，人们的死亡就会减少。医疗进步使生命得以挽救，但出生率仍然很高。高出生率和低死亡率意味着人口开始增长。这就是发展中国家陷入的陷阱。他们正在迅速增加人口，但他们没有钱养活他们。
为了给人们一个居住的地方，必须有管道、电线、道路等，以便建造一座房子或公寓楼。发展中国家负担不起建造所有这些东西，因此没有足够的好房子供每个人居住。
也没有足够的工作机会给每个人。这加剧了贫困，助长了非法活动。政府也不能让每个人都得到更多的帮助。
发展中国家真的陷入了泥潭。
5.Anwesh Pati (ଅନ୍ୱେଷ ପତି), Senior Software Analyst at Capgemini India凯捷印度高级软件分析师

People in “developed” countries think that having more money and infrastructure is a sign of “development” and “advancement”. In their eyes, the so-called “third world” countries can't develop.
What people don't understand that not all countries in the world give priority to having more money and taller structures etc. There are quite many countries where people give more importance in developing oneself and the community. Not every place in the world are materialistic, but somehow people in the “first world” have managed to convince everyone that having money and infrastructure is the best way to consider a place to be “developed”.

“发达”国家的人们认为，拥有更多的资金和基础设施是“发展”和“进步”的标志。在他们看来，所谓的“第三世界”国家发展不起来。
人们不明白的是，不是世界上所有的国家都优先考虑拥有更多的钱和更高的结构等。有相当多的国家，人们更重视发展自己和社会。世界上并不是每个地方都是物欲横流的，但不知何故，“第一世界”的人们设法说服所有人，拥有资金和基础设施是考虑一个地方“发展”的最佳方式。

Imagine a tribe in a far off island. They don't have stacks of currency bills, or metro/subway, or skyscrapers. But they have enough food to produce and procure. They are used to getting treated by traditional ways effectively. They are adapted to their way of living. They trust each other and crimes are less. They participate more in community services. Overall they are happy and satisfied. Why would they even need materialistic things? The outsiders who see them don't understand their way, laugh at them and label them as “backwards” based on their own ideologies.

想象一下一个遥远岛屿上的部落。他们没有成堆的钞票，没有地铁，也没有摩天大楼。但是他们有足够的食物来生产和采购。他们习惯于用传统方式有效地治疗疾病。他们适应了他们的生活方式。他们互相信任，犯罪也减少了。他们更多地参与社区服务。总的来说，他们是幸福和满意的。为什么他们还需要物质的东西？看到局外人不理解他们的方式并嘲笑他们，并根据自己的意识形态给他们贴上“落后”的标签。

Now imagine a “highly-developed” city. They have high-speed fiber and 5G internet. They have huge buildings and structures. They have multiple Rapid Transit Systems. People there own two smartphones and one PC. They are many restaurants and bars all over. However. The people stay addicted to their smartphones and computers, not bothering to venture out. While commuting they don't bother watching the scenery outside, but prefer watching videos on their phones/tablets. Even while using public transport, they would crush themselves in the crowd, often creating problems for others, as well as creating a great scope for sexual harassment. While at home, they don't even know who are their neighbours. They would have no idea even when someone dies in their building or locality. They enter the high-rise corporate offices like rats and work like robots. Many of them do just for the sake of earning money. And they will spend it on more materialistic stuff. While returning they will go to the bars and get drunk. They lose their senses and with that increases the possibility of crime and nuisance. On being arrested, their excuse would be “Oh I was drunk, I don't remember.” This cycle keeps on going.
The real question is, who is to decide what way of living is correct and why?

现在想象一个“高度发达”的城市。他们有高速光纤和5G互联网。他们有巨大的建筑物。他们有多种快速运输系统。那里的人有两部智能手机和一台个人电脑，到处都是餐馆和酒吧。然而。人们沉迷于他们的智能手机和电脑，而不去外面的世界冒险。上下班时，他们不必费心看外面的风景，而是喜欢在手机/平板电脑上看视频。即使在使用公共交通工具的时候，他们也会在人群中挤来挤去，经常给别人制造麻烦，这也会给性骚扰创造很大的空间。在家时，他们甚至不知道谁是邻居。他们甚至不知道有人在他们的房子里或者是在附近的地方死掉了。他们像老鼠一样进入高层企业办公室，像机器人一样工作。只是为了赚钱。他们会把钱花在更物质化的东西上。回来的时候他们会去酒吧喝得酩酊大醉。他们失去理智，从而增加了犯罪和滋扰的可能性。一旦被逮捕，他们的借口会是“哦，我喝醉了，我不记得了。”这个循环还在继续。
真正的问题是，谁来决定什么样的生活方式是正确的，为什么？