二战期间，德国是如何快速击败法国的?
How did Germany defeat France so easily during World War II?
译文简介
网友：第二次世界大战开始时，法国拥有世界上第三大军队和坦克数量，仅次于苏联和德国，也是仅次于英国、美国和日本的第四大海军舰队。法国军队的总人数超过200万。面对西线的德国国防军，法国军队在人力和技术上的优势是毋庸置疑的.......
正文翻译
How did Germany defeat France so easily during World War II?
二战期间，德国是如何快速击败法国的?
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Originally Answered: What are the reasons for France's poor military
performance during the Second World War? (Read the details, first.)
Two things：
Staggeringly incompetent military leadership.
They had poor intelligence, made bad strategic decisions, did not use aerial reconnaissance, did not use air-power well at all, held back reserves when they could have made a difference, did not realise what Germany was doing, did not use radio etc etc.
Secondly, a seriously dysfunctional political system. Savagely polarised, weak executive decision-making, etc etc
Not to diminish bravery of French soldiers. About as many French soldiers died in six weeks in 1940 as Americans died in the entire Western front over thee whole of WW2.
第二次世界大战期间的表现?(首先阅读细节。)
两件事
第一，令人震惊的无能的军事领导。
他们缺乏情报，做出了糟糕的战略决策，没有使用空中侦察，没有很好地使用空中力量，在本可以有所作为的时候保留了后备力量，没有意识到德国在做什么，没有使用无线电，等等。
第二，严重失调的政治体系。两极分化严重，执行决策能力薄弱，等等
并不是要削弱法国士兵的勇气。在1940年，在六个星期内死去的法国士兵和在整个二战期间死去的美国人一样多。
评论
Rupert does a great job in putting forward a clear and concise answer, so much so that I really have nothing to add.
For those wishing to go deep, William Shirer wrote a truly masterful book on this exact question, called "The Collapse of The Third Republic". Shirer was a journalist rather than a historian; as a result, his historical writing always carries with it a sense of immediacy and relevance that make for a riveting read. Highly recommended.
鲁伯特作出了清晰而简洁的回答，以至于我真的没有什么要补充的。
对于那些想深入研究的人，威廉·雪勒就此问题写了一本非常精辟的著作——《第三共和国的崩溃》。雪勒是一名记者，而不是历史学家，因此，他的历史写作总是带有一种即时性和相关性的感觉，这使得他的作品引人入胜。强烈推荐。
Thank you.
多谢夸奖和补充。
I would not say the Germans were reckless. They had precise tactics to counter the static trench warfare scenario. Don't play by the rules. They were innovators in this sense. Heinz Guderian ring a bell ? They used tanks as mechanized cavalry and the French spread them out to support the infantry. The French had better tanks but they were seldom concentrated. When the Germans could not pull off a pincer movement to rapidly surround opposition, they would form a kiel formation like a speartip and force all energy to the tip of formation, or schwerpunkt, and force there way through enemy line to get to the rear causing mass chaos for the opposition. They rolled over Europe with these same tactics and nobody had an answer.
我不会说德国人鲁莽。他们有精确的战术来对付静态的堑壕战。不要循规蹈矩。从这个意义上说，他们是创新者。海因茨·古德里安，记得吗?他们用坦克作为机械化的骑兵，而法国人则把它们分散开来支援步兵。法国人有更好的坦克，但他们很少集中兵力。当德国人不能发动钳形攻势迅速包围对手时，他们就会像矛尖一样形成基尔阵型，把所有的能量都逼到队形的顶端，或者说是重点突破战术，强行穿过敌人的防线到达后方，给对方造成混乱。他们用同样的策略席卷了整个欧洲，无人能有效破解。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Well if not reckless then certainly audacious. Their lines of communication were huge and open to a flank attack. Recall that DeGaulles attack on Rommels line of advance caused huge fear in the German high command an that was a relatively tiny force.
Even Guderian did not initially advocate the sheer headlong tactics that eventually were employed. However, he was a good field commander and saw the advantages of pressing a routed enemy to prevent any regrouping effort, even if this did expose his flanks
如果不是鲁莽，那么肯定是大胆。他们的交通线很宽，容易受到侧翼的攻击。回想一下，戴高乐对隆美尔防线的进攻，在德国最高统帅部引起了巨大的恐慌，因为这是一支相对弱小的部队。
甚至古德里安一开始也不主张最终采用的完全轻率的策略。然而，他是一个很好的战地指挥官，他看到了压制溃败的敌人以阻止任何重组努力的好处，即使这样做确实暴露了他的侧翼。
Czechoslovakia probably had the only answer to blitzkrieg. We had fortifications+mountains and tanks are hard to maneuver in dense forests and mountains. Ironically, Czech tanks were superior to the German tanks and in betraying czechoslovakia France sealed it’s doom as Czech tanks were used against France.
捷克斯洛伐克可能是破解闪电战的唯一国家。我们有防御工事+山脉，坦克很难在茂密的森林和群山中机动。具有讽刺意味的是，捷克的坦克比德国的要好，在背叛捷克斯洛伐克的过程中，法国注定要灭亡，因为捷克的坦克被用来对付法国。
Never mind France what about the UK. Have you never heard about Mr Chamberlain and his bit of paper.
别管法国，英国呢?你没听说过张伯伦先生和他的那张纸吗?
回答二
Originally Answered: How did Germany defeat France so easily during the World War II?
By the beginning of the Second World War, France had the 3rd largest army and number of tanks in the world, second only to the USSR and Germany, and also to the 4th naval fleet after Britain, the US and Japan. The total number of French troops numbered more than 2 million people.
The superiority of the French army in manpower and technology before the Wehrmacht forces on the Western Front was unquestionable. For example, the French Air Force included about 3,300 aircraft, among which half were the latest combat vehicles. The Luftwaffe could count only on 1,186 aircraft.
With the arrival of reinforcements from the British Isles - an expeditionary corps in the number of 9 divisions, as well as air units, which included 1500 combat vehicles - the advantage over German troops became more than obvious.
The French thought that the German army would act as it did during the First World War - it would launch an attack on France from the north-east by Belgium. Therefore, it is this very side that has been strengthened by building the defensive redoubts of the Maginot line The personnel of the French troops on the Maginot line reached 300,000 men.
第二次世界大战开始时，法国拥有世界上第三大军队和坦克数量，仅次于苏联和德国，也是仅次于英国、美国和日本的第四大海军舰队。法国军队的总人数超过200万。
面对西线的德国国防军，法国军队在人力和技术上的优势是毋庸置疑的。例如，法国空军包括大约3300架飞机，其中一半是最新机型。德国空军只能依靠1186架飞机。
随着英伦三岛增援部队（一支由9个师组成的远征军），以及包括1500架战机在内的空军部队的到来，相对于德国军队的优势变得更加明显。
法国人以为德国军队会像第一次世界大战时那样行动——它会从比利时东北部向法国发动攻击。因此，正是通过建立马其诺防线的防御工事，加强了这一方向的防御力量，马其诺防线上的法国部队人员达到30万人。
June 17, 1940 a meeting of the French government, headed by Marshal Petain. It lasted only 10 minutes. During this time, the ministers unanimously voted for the decision to appeal to the German command and ask him to end the war in France. On June 22, 1940, France capitulated to Germany
Created by the opposition to the regime of Vichy, General Charles de Gaulle directed all his efforts to mastering the colonies. However, the administration of North Africa declined the offer to join the "Free France". And the colony of Equatorial Africa - already in August 1940, supported de Gaulle, they were joined by Chad, Gabon and Cameroon
Realizing that the defeat of France from Germany is inevitable Benito Mussolinion June 10, 1940, declared war on her. The Italian Umberto commanded Army Group West, by forces of more than 300,000 men, with the support of 3,000 guns, began an offensive in the Alps. However, the opposing army of General Oldry successfully repelled these attacks.
On June 22, a truce was signed between France and Germany, and two days later France and Italy signed the same agreement.
1940年5月10日，德军向法国发起进攻，德军从北方绕过防御工事线，主力部队在没有建造的新址上投下了炸弹。法国人挡不住德国军队的进攻。总的来说，在17天的战斗中，德国军队彻底打败了敌人，并撤回英吉利海峡，切断了英国对法国的援助。
1940年6月17日，在贝当元帅领导下召开了法国政府会议，只进行了10分钟。在此期间，部长们一致投票决定，呼吁德国司令部，并要求其结束在法国的军事行动。1940年6月22日，法国向德国投降。
戴高乐将军把所有的努力都放在了征服殖民地上。然而，北非当局拒绝了加入“自由法国”的提议。赤道地区的非洲殖民地——在戴高乐的支持下，早在1940年8月，乍得、加蓬和喀麦隆加入了他们的行列。
1940年6月10日，贝尼托·墨索里宁意识到法国将不可避免被德国打败，于是向法国宣战。意大利翁贝托率领30多万人的西师团，在3000门大炮的支援下，开始在阿尔卑斯山发起进攻。然而，法军成功击退了这些进攻。
6月22日，法德两国签署休战协议，两天后，法国和意大利也签署了同样的协议。
Despite the fact that the seizure of France occurred in a short time, its armed forces gave a worthy rebuff to the German and Italian troops. For a month and a half the Wehrmacht lost more than 45 thousand people.
Under the armistice agreement, Germany occupied only the west coast of France and the northern regions of the country where Paris was located.
It should be noted how the countries of Europe resisted Germany: Monaco - 1 day, Luxembourg - 1 day, Netherlands - 6 days, Belgium - 8 days, Yugoslavia - 12 days, Greece - 24 days, Poland - 36 days, France - 43 days, and then they actually joined the aggressor and worked for his industry.
And the neutral countries - Switzerland and Sweden granted Nazi Germany the right of free transit through their territory of military cargoes, and received huge revenues from trade. The trade turnover between the "neutral" Portugal and the Nazis was so successful that in May 1945, it declared a three-day mourning for the death of Hitler.
在1940年5月10日至6月21日这场战争的激烈阶段，法国军队伤亡约30万人，150万人被俘。坦克部队和法国空军部分被摧毁，另一部分落入德军手中。与此同时，英国为了避免法国舰队落入德军手中，而将法国舰队完全毁掉。
尽管法国在很短的时间内就被占领了，但其军队还是对德国和意大利的军队造成不小打击。在一个半月的时间里，德军损失了4万5千多人。
根据停战协定，德国只占领法国西海岸和巴黎所在的北部地区。
值得注意的是，欧洲其它国家是如何抵抗德国的：摩纳哥1天，卢森堡1天，荷兰6天，比利时8天，南斯拉夫12天，希腊24天，波兰36天，法国43天，然后他们就加入了侵略者并为其效劳。
而中立国瑞士和瑞典则给予纳粹德国在其领土上自由过境运输军事物资的权利，并从贸易中获得巨额收入。“中立”的葡萄牙和纳粹之间的贸易往来非常成功，以至于在1945年5月，它宣布为希特勒之死哀悼三天。
回答三
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Originally Answered: How did Germany defeat France so easily during the World War II?
Your question assumes that German victory was easy because it was quick, but there is a difference between “easily” and “quickly”.
On October 14, 1806, France smashed Prussia in a single day in spite of Prussian numerical superiority. Actually, French marshall Davout destroyed the Prussian army and thus won the war in only 6 hours, even though it outnumbered the French 5 to 2. It was dreadfully quick but it was not easy.
Germany won the war in 6 weeks. It was quick but it was not easy.
你的问题假设德国获胜是容易的，因为很快速，但是“容易”和“快速”是有区别的。
1806年10月14日，法国不顾普鲁士在数量上的优势，在一天之内就将普鲁士击溃。事实上，在短短6个小时内，法国达沃元帅就摧毁了普鲁士军队，赢得了战争，尽管普鲁士人数以5比2超过了法国。战争进行得非常快，但并不容易。
德国在6周内赢得了战争。虽然也很快，但并不容易。
use the German numerical superiority against France and its allies by achieving a stalemate on all fronts but numerical superiority on a single point to create a breakthrough (Germany on its own had more soldiers and France had to divert divisions to watch the Italian and Spanish borders, these countries being allies of Germany)
attack in the Low countries to draw French forces because France will have to defend its allies - if only because without these Allies France was hopelessly outnumbered
create a breakthrough with mechanized divisions supported by planes
use this breakthrough army to surround an important part of the Allies army (part of the French army plus all British, Belgian and Dutch troops) and destroy them once they are cut off from their supply lines
now France is completely alone against Germany with a reduced army; it has not choice but to surrender - in particular because it has not strategic depth; France is simply too small to move backwards and strike back as the Russians did in Russia or the British did in North Africa.
Now as for strategic depth, France could use its huge overseas empire (which was arguably far less industrialized than the Russian hinterland and less French). There was a debate in the governement and the majority thought that this empire was too weak to defeat Germany.
德国的计划非常聪明：
利用德国在数量上的优势对付法国及其盟国，在所有战线上取得僵持局面，但在某一点上取得数量上的优势以进行突破（德国拥有更多的士兵，法国还不得不抽调部分军队监视意大利和西班牙边界，因为这些国家是德国的盟友。）
进攻低地国家以吸引法国军队，因为法国将不得不保卫其盟友——如果失去这些盟友，法国将陷入令人绝望的寡不敌众境地。
用飞机支援机械化师制造突破机会。
利用这个突破进去的军队包围盟军的重要组成部分（法国军队的一部分加上所有英国、比利时和荷兰军队），一旦切断他们的供应线就摧毁他们。
现在，法国完全是以数量缩减的队伍孤军对抗德国；它别无选择，只能投降——特别是因为它没有战略深度；法国实在太小，不能像俄军在俄罗斯或英国在北非那样撤退和反击。
至于战略深度，法国可以利用其庞大的海外帝国(其工业化程度远不及俄罗斯腹地，也不如法国)。政府内部有一场争论，大多数人认为海外殖民帝国太弱，无法打败德国。