姓氏在你的文化中扮演了什么角色？

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Alexey Tereshchenko, a Russian  Answered Aug 20
Full Russian name consists of first name, patronymic and surname. The patronymic is formed from the name of the father. Male patronymics usually end with -vich (sometimes -ich), female patronymics usually end with -vna. So if Ivan Petrovich Popov has a son and a daughter and calls them Dmitry and Olga, their full names will be Dmitry Ivanovich Popov and Olga Ivanovna Popova.

完整的俄罗斯名字包括名字，父称和姓氏。父称取自父亲的名字。男子父称通常以“vich”或“ich”结尾，女子父称通常以“vna”结尾。所以如果伊万·巴普洛夫·波波夫有一个儿子和一个女儿，分别取名为德米特里和奥尔加，那么他们的全名就是德米特里·伊万诺维奇·波波夫和奥尔加·伊万诺夫娜·波波夫。

When a Russian couple marries, in most cases the woman takes the surname of her husband. It does not entail the loss of identity for a Russian woman. She still has her name and her patronymic. As the time goes, more and more women prefer to keep their surnames. I was surprised when my wife told me she wanted to take my surname.

当一对俄罗斯男女结婚时，通常女子会随夫姓。这并不意味着这位俄罗斯女子失去了她的独立性。她还有名字和父称。随着时代进步，越来越多的女子更倾向于保留自己的姓氏。当我的妻子告诉我她想保留自己的姓氏时，我也很吃惊。

And it is not a bad thing, perhaps, to keep one’s surname. One of my university friends married twice, both times changing the surname and then promptly divorcing. And all her friends had to memorize new surnames she took.
A husband can also take his wife’s surname but this happens very rarely.
However, there is a catch. Most Russian surnames have a masculine and a feminine form. So if Olga Ivanovna Popova from the first paragraph marries, say, Mikhail Sergeyevich Osipov, she will become Olga Ivanovna Osipova. If her husband is Kuzmin, she will become Kuzmina. If her husband is Uspenskiy, she will become Uspenskaya.

也许保留自己的姓氏也不是一件坏事。我一个大学认识的朋友结了两次婚，两次都随夫姓最后还是立马离婚了。她的朋友还都必须去记住她的新姓氏。丈夫有时也会随其妻子的姓氏，但这种情况很少出现。然而，这里有一个问题。大多数同一个俄罗斯姓氏都有男子和女子两种形式。所以如果第一段里的奥尔加·伊万诺夫娜·波波夫和米哈伊尔·谢尔盖耶维奇·奥西波夫结婚了，她的名字就变成了奥尔加·伊万诺夫娜·奥西波娃。如果她的夫姓是库兹明，她的姓氏就成了库兹明娜。如果她的夫姓是乌斯朋斯基，她的姓氏就成了乌斯彭斯卡娅。

Well, it works only for surnames that have such Slavic endings as -ov, -in or- skiy. My surname has a Slavic ending but it is uniform: I am Tereshchenko and my wife is also Tereshchenko. But if, for instance, my friend Samuel Rosenberg decides one day to move to Russia and marry a Russian, his wife would be Rosenberg as well (in fact, Rosenberg is quite a common name among Russian Jews).

好吧，只有斯拉夫语中才有姓氏的 -ov（娃）和 -skiy（斯基）变化。我的姓氏也遵循了这种变化，但夫妻姓氏统一了：我的姓是捷列先科，我妻子的姓也是捷列先科。但若，比如我一个叫做塞缪尔·罗森伯格的朋友有一天想搬到俄罗斯并娶一个俄罗斯女子，她的妻子也会随丈夫姓罗森伯格（实际上，罗森伯格这个姓在俄罗斯犹太人中很常见）。

Thought it was complicated? In Latvia, it is tougher. If you choose to settle in Latvia, your surname will have to change. A male surname ending in consonant must have -s in the end and most female surnames must have an -a or an -e. Again, curiously it does not touch my surname. But if Ivan Ivanov moves to Latvia, he becomes Ivans Ivanovs. And Samuel Rosenberg, if he moves to Latvia and marries a Latvian (sorry, Samuel, your name is just perfect to make an example), would become Samuels Rozenbergs - and your wife will be Rozenberga.

这些复杂吗？在拉脱维亚，这种姓氏变换更复杂。如果你想在拉脱维亚定居，你的姓就必须变成拉脱维亚姓氏。以辅音结尾的男子姓氏必须在末尾加上“-s”，大多数女子姓氏必须包含“-a”或“-e”。而且，奇怪的是我的姓氏不用这样变。但如果伊凡·伊万诺夫搬到拉脱维亚，他的名字必须改成伊万思·伊万诺夫斯。塞缪尔·罗森伯格如果搬到拉脱维亚娶了个拉脱维亚女子（对不起，塞缪尔你的姓氏太适合举例子了），他的名字就会变成塞缪尔斯·罗森伯格斯——你妻子的姓就会是罗森伯加。

Well, in Latvian language, the same rule is applied to people who had never been to Latvia. Have you ever heard about the famous American star Maikls Džeksons? Have you followed the American elections of 2016 when Donalds Tramps opposed Hilarija Klintone (who had secured her nomination against Bērnijs Sanderss)? Have you read about the medi French heroine Žanna d'Arka?

还有，在拉脱维亚语中，同样的姓名规则也适用于从未到达过拉脱维亚的人。你听说过著名的美国明星迈克尔 · 杰克逊吗？你在2016美国大选中听到过特朗普斯与希拉里 · 克林顿（击败伯尼·桑德斯获得民主党总统候选人）？你听说过中世纪时期法国女英雄圣女贞德？（均为英语姓名的拉脱维亚语形式）

Do you think this was complicated? Nope. In Lithuania, it can be still tougher. A bit easier for foreigners (the US President is still Donaldas Trampas but his rival is simply Hilari Klinton) but very tough for Lithuanians themselves. Lithuanian surnames have three versions. While a masculine surname usually ends in -as, -ys or-is, its feminine equivalent ends in -ienė or rarely  -ienė for married women and -aitė, -utė, -iūtė or -ytė for unmarried ones. For instance, if the husband’s surname is Paulauskas, his wife would be Paulauskienė and his daughter would be Paulauskaitė. Recently, the government allowed new female surnames (usually ending with -ė, for instance Paulauskė) that do not disclose the marital status. However, old surnames dominate.

你觉得这样就已经很复杂了？不。在立陶宛，姓名变化还要复杂很多。外国人姓名稍微简单一点（美国总统还是唐纳德 ·特朗普斯，但他的对手名字就成了希拉丽 ·克林顿），立陶宛人的名字更复杂。立陶宛姓氏有三个版本。男子通常在姓氏末尾以“-as”，“-ys”，“-is”结尾，已婚女子通常以“ -ienė”或更稀少的“ -ienė”结尾，而未婚女子通常以“ -aitė”，“-utė”，“-iūtė”和“-ytė”结尾。例如，如果丈夫的姓是保劳斯卡斯，他妻子的姓就是“Paulauskienė”，女儿的姓就是“Paulauskaitė”。最近立陶宛政府允许在不考虑婚姻状况的前提下女子姓氏也能使用“ -ė”为后缀（比如“Paulauskė”）。然而，旧式姓氏规则仍占主导地位。

Thiago Gasparino, Forensic Expert at POLITEC MT (2014-present)
In Brazil, as far as I know, naming convention goes like this:
[Given names, usually one or two] [Mother's family names, usually one, from her mother’s] [Father's family names, usually one, from his father’s].
You can see some remains of older, patriarchal times, right there. But this is the convention, the most common practice, not the rule.

在巴西据我所知，取名字的约定俗成结构是这样的：
[教名，常有一两个] [母姓, 通常一个, 来自母方] [父姓，通常一个，来自父方]
从姓名中能发现还有旧式族长制的残余。但这种命名方法只是种习惯用法，并不是必须遵守的规则。

When a couple marries, both have the option to choose from whichever last names both have. The most common practice is for the woman to get the man’s family name or names, sometimes dropping one or all of her own, but the law is very liberal regarding this. It is possible for both to keep their names unchanged, which is also very common; or they can choose from all the last names both have to create a new combination for their own budding family and both change their names, which is fairly rare. I really like it that our law allows for all this, even though I understand that some people obxt to it on the grounds that the lack of a rigid rule creates confusion.

当一对男女结婚时，一方会从另一方的姓中选择一个加入自己的名字。最普遍的就是女方随男方的姓，有时候再去掉她自己的一两个姓，但法律并不管这些。双方保留他们自己的姓不变也很常见。或者他们在结合双方公有姓的基础上再创一个姓，做为自己家族的新姓氏，这种事情很罕见。我很高心法律允许我们自己创造新姓氏，尽管我也很清楚有些人反对这样做，因为他们认为没有严格的规范就会导致姓名混乱。

One can have as many or as few given names and last names as whoever registers them chooses:

一个人在登记身份时可以有任意个教名和姓：

I know plenty of people named just [first name] [father’s family name] and[first name] [mother’s family name]. The second case is especially common when the father is absent.

我知道有很多人就这样命名 [名] [父姓]和，[名] [母姓]。父亲缺席时第二种姓名结构就更常用。

One could also have, say, a first name, any number of middle names (which combined are what I’m calling the given names), and any number of the names from the father’s and mother’s families in whichever order. The only rule is, roughly speaking, the notary can refuse to register a name if they believe that the chosen name will expose the child to ridicule.

一些人会有一个名，再加上多个中间名（一般是教名的结合）以及任意顺序的父姓和母姓。一般来说唯一的规矩就是，当公证员认为一个名字会使孩子受到嘲笑时可以否决这个名字。

I don’t think I’ve ever met anyone with more than two given names or more than four family names. I might have, but I think I would remember that.  Anyways, one could, in theory, be called Abraão Bernardo Camilo Daniel Eduardo Fernando Guilherme Henrique Ian José Leonardo Marciano Nivaldo Otávio Paulo Quincas Rogério Salomão Tadeu Urbano Victor Xerxes Zacarias (all given names) da Silva (the most common last name in Brazil). But, as I said, the notary can refuse to register a name like this on the grounds that it’s preposterous. Rightly so.

我还没遇见过一个有超过两个教名或四个姓的人。应该没错，我记得很清楚。一个人理论上名字可以取成：阿布拉 ·贝尔纳多·卡米洛·丹尼尔·爱德华多·费尔南多·吉列梅尔·恩里克·伊恩·乔斯·莱昂纳多·马西亚诺·尼瓦尔多·各·保罗·奎卡斯·里奥·所罗门·耶稣·乌尔诺瓦·维克多·薛西斯·萨卡里奥斯(所有的教名)达 ·席尔瓦(巴西最常见的姓).但据我所知公证员可以否决这个姓,很明显这个姓太荒谬了.大该就是这样.